LESSON-8
Determiners
Determiners are used in front of nouns to indicate something specific or something of a particular type.
Determiners are always followed by a noun and they are different to pronouns. Therefore, personal pronouns (I, you, he, etc.) and possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his, etc.) cannot be determiners.
The definite and indefinite articles a/an/the are all determiners.
The specific determiners are:
The definite article: the
Demonstratives: this, that, these, those
Possessives: my, your, his, her, its, our, their
For example:-
The thief snatched her handbag. (Definitive article ‘the’)
These hens are black. (Demonstrative ‘these’)
Their school is far. (Possessive)
Wednesday, December 30, 2009
LEARN ENGLISH GRAMMAR- LESSON -6-conjunctions,
LESSON-6
Conjunctions
Conjunctions join two words or sentences together.
Conjunction is a word, which connects two words or two sentences. Conjunctions are different from prepositions, relative pronouns and relative adverbs, which are connecting words too.
Examples of conjunctions are after, although, and, because, before, but, either, except, for, if, neither, since, so, so that, therefore, unless, until, till.
Connecting words
Man and woman
Solid and liquid
Blue or red?
Dance while sing
Dry or wet.
Fat or slim
Connecting sentences
Mangosteen and durian are local fruits.
Lion and tiger are wild animals.
I ate bread and butter.
Ali and Hafis are classmates.
My uncle and aunt went to office.
The usage of conjunctions in pairs:-
The children have both love and respect to their parents.
Neither my sister nor my brother heard the telephone call.
Whether it rains or not, I shall go to school.
The man is not only industrious but also an unselfish.
Farah decides to take either the blue bag or the green.
Though he is not a good swimmer, yet he tries to take part in
swimming competition.
Can you wait beside the canteen until I call you?
She not only wants to learn piano, but also violin.
Which pen do you want? Either pen will do.
I can point at either dog, because they are both good.
There are two hats here. He can take either of them.
Which dress do you want? Neither of them small size.
Some subordinating conjunctions are as follow- Although, though, after, because, till, unless, as, when, where, while and if.
Look before you leap.
Work while you work play while you play.
He came first, although he started late.
Hamid is tall but Hanis is short.
Time and tide wait for no men.
East or west home is best.
Everything comes if a man will only work hard to get it.
The shoemaker makes shoes because he makes nothing else.
Eat to please yourself, but dress to please others.
Expert is one who knows more and more about less and less.
Prosperity makes friends and adversity tries them.
Chance makes our parents but choice makes our friends.
Tell me what you eat and I will tell you what you are.
No man is rich whose expenditure exceeds his means, and
no one is poor whose incoming exceeds his outgoing.
If you run fast, you can win the race.
Since she says so, I must believe it.
You must work or starve.
The man proposes but God disposes
I have been waiting since last night.
Wash your hand before you eat.
I shall call my mother after I reach school.
My brother packed all his things except his sports shoes.
Unless they have finished their work, they can not
go out.
Conjunctions
Conjunctions join two words or sentences together.
Conjunction is a word, which connects two words or two sentences. Conjunctions are different from prepositions, relative pronouns and relative adverbs, which are connecting words too.
Examples of conjunctions are after, although, and, because, before, but, either, except, for, if, neither, since, so, so that, therefore, unless, until, till.
Connecting words
Man and woman
Solid and liquid
Blue or red?
Dance while sing
Dry or wet.
Fat or slim
Connecting sentences
Mangosteen and durian are local fruits.
Lion and tiger are wild animals.
I ate bread and butter.
Ali and Hafis are classmates.
My uncle and aunt went to office.
The usage of conjunctions in pairs:-
The children have both love and respect to their parents.
Neither my sister nor my brother heard the telephone call.
Whether it rains or not, I shall go to school.
The man is not only industrious but also an unselfish.
Farah decides to take either the blue bag or the green.
Though he is not a good swimmer, yet he tries to take part in
swimming competition.
Can you wait beside the canteen until I call you?
She not only wants to learn piano, but also violin.
Which pen do you want? Either pen will do.
I can point at either dog, because they are both good.
There are two hats here. He can take either of them.
Which dress do you want? Neither of them small size.
Some subordinating conjunctions are as follow- Although, though, after, because, till, unless, as, when, where, while and if.
Look before you leap.
Work while you work play while you play.
He came first, although he started late.
Hamid is tall but Hanis is short.
Time and tide wait for no men.
East or west home is best.
Everything comes if a man will only work hard to get it.
The shoemaker makes shoes because he makes nothing else.
Eat to please yourself, but dress to please others.
Expert is one who knows more and more about less and less.
Prosperity makes friends and adversity tries them.
Chance makes our parents but choice makes our friends.
Tell me what you eat and I will tell you what you are.
No man is rich whose expenditure exceeds his means, and
no one is poor whose incoming exceeds his outgoing.
If you run fast, you can win the race.
Since she says so, I must believe it.
You must work or starve.
The man proposes but God disposes
I have been waiting since last night.
Wash your hand before you eat.
I shall call my mother after I reach school.
My brother packed all his things except his sports shoes.
Unless they have finished their work, they can not
go out.
LEARN ENGLISH GRAMMAR- LESSON -5-AUXILIARY AND THEIR USES
Auxiliaries and their usage-LESSON-5
An auxiliary is a verb, used to form the tense and voice of
the other verb.
The auxiliaries are am, is ,are, were, be, has, had, have, do, can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, ought, used, need, dare, do, did, and does.
Auxiliaries form continuous tenses
I am working in a computer company.
She is entering into the shopping mall.
He is waiting for his friend.
They are clapping.
We were laughing.
Auxiliaries Form perfect tenses
David has received the first prize in his school sports competition.
They have collected their wage.
I had taken the luggage bag.
You have worked hard to get the promotion.
We had planned to visit the art gallery.
They had moved to the next room.
Auxiliaries Form passive voice
The prize was given.
The notice is sent.
The guests are asked to take their seat.
Those mangoes were plucked by the village boy.
The paintings have been admired by the visitors.
Harry has been asked to attend the party.
Auxiliaries Express a person or thing.
I am a girl.
It is a monkey.
He is a doctor.
They are school children.
You are an intelligent boy.
We are soldiers.
It is a donkey.
That is a box.
These are spoons.
Those are mangoes.
Auxiliaries Make question:-
Have you prepared for the speech?
Have they attended the meeting?
Do you wake up in the early morning?
Do we need to wait for you?
Do they exchange their tickets?
Will he come?
Shall I talk?
Would you explain me?
Am I correct.
Are you all right?
Is she moving to her new house?
Were they willing to follow us?
Does she meet me?
Does he have a raincoat?
Did the students have to answer all the questions?
Should we share the room?
‘Must’ and 'ought' expresses obligation
You must obey your elders.
One must work to live.
Ought to sign the document?
We ought to respect each other.
The students ought to participate in the competition.
‘Used to’ shows the discontinued action
My son used to play organ.
My daughter used to wake-up early.
They used to live in apartment.
‘Need’ expresses obligation
Need to pay immediately?
I need your help.
They need to go for a driving test.
’Dare’ is used in negative and interrogative sentences
Do you dare enough to interfere my work?
How dare you question me?
The young boy dare not climb the tall tree.
Do, does and did are used in making
interrogative sentences:
Do you see her?
Yes, I do.
No, I don’t
He eats cakes and so do you.
Does:
Does she employ a servant?
Yes, she does.
No she doesn't
Does he drink the milk?
Yes, he does.
No, he does not.
Did he send a letter?
Yes, he did.
No, he did not.
Did she sing a song?
Yes, she did.
No, she did not.
Did they go out?
Yes, they did.
No, they did not.
‘Can’ shows ability
Can you do a favour?
Yes, l can.
No, I cannot.
Can you have a cup of tea?
Yes, I can.
No, I cannot.
Can they participate in the games?
Yes, they can.
No, they can't
Can you lift the table?
Yes, we can.
No, we cannot.
Can he touch the banner?
Yes, he can.
No, he cannot.
Can she work out the sum?
Yes, she can.
No, she cannot.
‘May’ denotes permission and possibility
May I lock the room?
May I come in?
May I go for a walk?
I may go for a trip next month.
She may be at the show.
‘May’ in negative form
It may not rain tomorrow.
He may not be in the crowd.
They may not be wrong.
‘May’ is used to wish someone
May God bless you.
May you live long.
May a good luck come to you.
Could and might are used as can and may
She thought that her friend’s name might be in the winners list .
They confused whether their dog might be drowned.
The flight might be delayed.
He could jump to touch the high wall.
I could share my lunch with my friend.
An auxiliary is a verb, used to form the tense and voice of
the other verb.
The auxiliaries are am, is ,are, were, be, has, had, have, do, can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, ought, used, need, dare, do, did, and does.
Auxiliaries form continuous tenses
I am working in a computer company.
She is entering into the shopping mall.
He is waiting for his friend.
They are clapping.
We were laughing.
Auxiliaries Form perfect tenses
David has received the first prize in his school sports competition.
They have collected their wage.
I had taken the luggage bag.
You have worked hard to get the promotion.
We had planned to visit the art gallery.
They had moved to the next room.
Auxiliaries Form passive voice
The prize was given.
The notice is sent.
The guests are asked to take their seat.
Those mangoes were plucked by the village boy.
The paintings have been admired by the visitors.
Harry has been asked to attend the party.
Auxiliaries Express a person or thing.
I am a girl.
It is a monkey.
He is a doctor.
They are school children.
You are an intelligent boy.
We are soldiers.
It is a donkey.
That is a box.
These are spoons.
Those are mangoes.
Auxiliaries Make question:-
Have you prepared for the speech?
Have they attended the meeting?
Do you wake up in the early morning?
Do we need to wait for you?
Do they exchange their tickets?
Will he come?
Shall I talk?
Would you explain me?
Am I correct.
Are you all right?
Is she moving to her new house?
Were they willing to follow us?
Does she meet me?
Does he have a raincoat?
Did the students have to answer all the questions?
Should we share the room?
‘Must’ and 'ought' expresses obligation
You must obey your elders.
One must work to live.
Ought to sign the document?
We ought to respect each other.
The students ought to participate in the competition.
‘Used to’ shows the discontinued action
My son used to play organ.
My daughter used to wake-up early.
They used to live in apartment.
‘Need’ expresses obligation
Need to pay immediately?
I need your help.
They need to go for a driving test.
’Dare’ is used in negative and interrogative sentences
Do you dare enough to interfere my work?
How dare you question me?
The young boy dare not climb the tall tree.
Do, does and did are used in making
interrogative sentences:
Do you see her?
Yes, I do.
No, I don’t
He eats cakes and so do you.
Does:
Does she employ a servant?
Yes, she does.
No she doesn't
Does he drink the milk?
Yes, he does.
No, he does not.
Did he send a letter?
Yes, he did.
No, he did not.
Did she sing a song?
Yes, she did.
No, she did not.
Did they go out?
Yes, they did.
No, they did not.
‘Can’ shows ability
Can you do a favour?
Yes, l can.
No, I cannot.
Can you have a cup of tea?
Yes, I can.
No, I cannot.
Can they participate in the games?
Yes, they can.
No, they can't
Can you lift the table?
Yes, we can.
No, we cannot.
Can he touch the banner?
Yes, he can.
No, he cannot.
Can she work out the sum?
Yes, she can.
No, she cannot.
‘May’ denotes permission and possibility
May I lock the room?
May I come in?
May I go for a walk?
I may go for a trip next month.
She may be at the show.
‘May’ in negative form
It may not rain tomorrow.
He may not be in the crowd.
They may not be wrong.
‘May’ is used to wish someone
May God bless you.
May you live long.
May a good luck come to you.
Could and might are used as can and may
She thought that her friend’s name might be in the winners list .
They confused whether their dog might be drowned.
The flight might be delayed.
He could jump to touch the high wall.
I could share my lunch with my friend.
LEARN ENGLISH GRAMMAR- LESSON -4-ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
Active and passive voice
1. The cat eats the fish-active voice.
2. The fish is eaten by the cat-passive voice.
In sentence one, the subject does the action (eat)
In the second sentence, it denotes what was done by the subject.
Active voice and Passive voice
The dog chased the cat.
The cat was chased by the dog.
The students will choose Tom as leader
Tom will be chosen as leader by the students
The king gave a reward to the poet.
The Poet was given a reward by the king.
The fisherman sailed the boat.
The boat was sailed by the fisherman.
The monkey plucks the coconuts.
The coconuts are plucked by the monkey
Ted drew that beautiful art
That beautiful art was drawn by Ted.
The soldiers captured the enemies.
The enemies were captured by the soldiers.
It is time to visit her friend.
It is time for her friend to be visited.
The crowd cheered up the football players
The football players were cheered up by the crowd.
We enjoyed the food that they serve.
The food that they served was enjoyed by us.
The music band sang the latest songs in the party.
The latest songs were sung by the music band in the party
Rose praised the neighbours.
The neighbors were raised b Rose.
The earthquake ruined the school buildings.
The school buildings were ruined by the earthquake.
The doctor has stitched the open wound.
The open wound has been stitched by the doctor.
The dentist had removed the decayed tooth.
The decayed tooth had been removed by the dentist.
We have bought a few new curtains.
We have bought a few new curtains.
They have visited the patients in the hospital.
They have visited the patients in the hospital.
We had appointed the house cleaner.
We had appointed the house cleaner.
They had cleared the jungle.
They had cleared the jungle.
I have arranged the tours.
The tours have been arranged by me.
I had plucked the flowers.
The flowers had been plucked by me.
Active and passive voice in
Simple present tense.Same sentence is written in active and passive forms.
I push
I am pushed
You push
You are pushed
He pushes
He is pushed
She pushes
she is pushed
They push
The are pushed
We push
We are pushed
Active and passive voice in
Present continuous tense
I am telling
I am being told
You are telling
You are being told
He is telling
He is being told
She is telling
She is being told.
They are telling
They are being told.
We are telling
We are being told.
Active and passive voice in
Present perfect tense
I have punched
I have been punched
You have punched
You have been punched
He has punched
He has been punched.
She has punched
She has been punched.
They have punched
They have been punched.
We have punched
We have been punched.
Active voice in
Present perfect continuous tense
I have been pulling
You have been pulling
He has been pulling
She has been pulling
They have been pulling
We have been pulling
Active and passive voice in
Simple past tense
I punched
I was punched
You punched
You were punched
He punched
He was punched
She punched
She was punched
They punched
They were punched
We punched
We were punched
Active and passive voice in
Past continuous tense
I was telling
I was being told
You were telling
You were being told
He was telling
He was being told
She was telling
She was being told.
They were telling
They were being told.
We were telling
We were being told.
Active and passive voice in
Past perfect tense
I had punched
I had been punched
You had punched
You had been punched
He had punched
He had been punched
She had punched
She had been punched
They had punched
They had been punched
We had punched
We had been punched
Active voice in
Past perfect continuous tense
I had been punching
You had been punching
He had been punching
She had been punching
They had been punching
We had been punching
Active and passive voice in
Simple future tense
I shall ask
I shall be asked
You shall ask
You shall be asked
He will ask
He will be asked
She will ask
She will be asked
They shall ask.
They shall be asked.
We shall ask.
We shall be asked
Active voice in
Future continuous tense
I shall be asking
You shall be asking
He will be asking
She will be asking
They shall be asking
We shall be asking
Active and passive voice in
Future perfect tense
I shall have asked
I shall have been asked
You shall have asked
You shall have been asked
He will have asked
He will have been asked.
She will have asked
She will have been asked.
They shall have asked
They will have been asked.
We shall have asked
We shall have been asked.
Active and passive voice in
Future perfect continuous tense
I shall have been asking
You shall have been asking
He will have been asking.
She will have been asking.
They will have been asking.
We shall have been asking.
1. The cat eats the fish-active voice.
2. The fish is eaten by the cat-passive voice.
In sentence one, the subject does the action (eat)
In the second sentence, it denotes what was done by the subject.
Active voice and Passive voice
The dog chased the cat.
The cat was chased by the dog.
The students will choose Tom as leader
Tom will be chosen as leader by the students
The king gave a reward to the poet.
The Poet was given a reward by the king.
The fisherman sailed the boat.
The boat was sailed by the fisherman.
The monkey plucks the coconuts.
The coconuts are plucked by the monkey
Ted drew that beautiful art
That beautiful art was drawn by Ted.
The soldiers captured the enemies.
The enemies were captured by the soldiers.
It is time to visit her friend.
It is time for her friend to be visited.
The crowd cheered up the football players
The football players were cheered up by the crowd.
We enjoyed the food that they serve.
The food that they served was enjoyed by us.
The music band sang the latest songs in the party.
The latest songs were sung by the music band in the party
Rose praised the neighbours.
The neighbors were raised b Rose.
The earthquake ruined the school buildings.
The school buildings were ruined by the earthquake.
The doctor has stitched the open wound.
The open wound has been stitched by the doctor.
The dentist had removed the decayed tooth.
The decayed tooth had been removed by the dentist.
We have bought a few new curtains.
We have bought a few new curtains.
They have visited the patients in the hospital.
They have visited the patients in the hospital.
We had appointed the house cleaner.
We had appointed the house cleaner.
They had cleared the jungle.
They had cleared the jungle.
I have arranged the tours.
The tours have been arranged by me.
I had plucked the flowers.
The flowers had been plucked by me.
Active and passive voice in
Simple present tense.Same sentence is written in active and passive forms.
I push
I am pushed
You push
You are pushed
He pushes
He is pushed
She pushes
she is pushed
They push
The are pushed
We push
We are pushed
Active and passive voice in
Present continuous tense
I am telling
I am being told
You are telling
You are being told
He is telling
He is being told
She is telling
She is being told.
They are telling
They are being told.
We are telling
We are being told.
Active and passive voice in
Present perfect tense
I have punched
I have been punched
You have punched
You have been punched
He has punched
He has been punched.
She has punched
She has been punched.
They have punched
They have been punched.
We have punched
We have been punched.
Active voice in
Present perfect continuous tense
I have been pulling
You have been pulling
He has been pulling
She has been pulling
They have been pulling
We have been pulling
Active and passive voice in
Simple past tense
I punched
I was punched
You punched
You were punched
He punched
He was punched
She punched
She was punched
They punched
They were punched
We punched
We were punched
Active and passive voice in
Past continuous tense
I was telling
I was being told
You were telling
You were being told
He was telling
He was being told
She was telling
She was being told.
They were telling
They were being told.
We were telling
We were being told.
Active and passive voice in
Past perfect tense
I had punched
I had been punched
You had punched
You had been punched
He had punched
He had been punched
She had punched
She had been punched
They had punched
They had been punched
We had punched
We had been punched
Active voice in
Past perfect continuous tense
I had been punching
You had been punching
He had been punching
She had been punching
They had been punching
We had been punching
Active and passive voice in
Simple future tense
I shall ask
I shall be asked
You shall ask
You shall be asked
He will ask
He will be asked
She will ask
She will be asked
They shall ask.
They shall be asked.
We shall ask.
We shall be asked
Active voice in
Future continuous tense
I shall be asking
You shall be asking
He will be asking
She will be asking
They shall be asking
We shall be asking
Active and passive voice in
Future perfect tense
I shall have asked
I shall have been asked
You shall have asked
You shall have been asked
He will have asked
He will have been asked.
She will have asked
She will have been asked.
They shall have asked
They will have been asked.
We shall have asked
We shall have been asked.
Active and passive voice in
Future perfect continuous tense
I shall have been asking
You shall have been asking
He will have been asking.
She will have been asking.
They will have been asking.
We shall have been asking.
LEARN ENGLISH GRAMMAR- LESSON -3-SPELLING
3. SPELLING
Words with single vowel and single consonant at the end double the consonant before suffix beginning with a vowel:
Examples-1
· Run -- running.
· Beg -- beggar.
· Rob --- robbing.
· Sad --- saddest.
Words ending in single vowel and single consonant will double the final consonant: Examples-2
v Commit--Committed
v Begin ---Beginner
v Permit ---Permitted
v Occur --Occurred
v Stop--stopped
v Fullfil---fulfilled
v Admit---admitted
v Kidnap---kidnapped
v Program--programmed
v Control--controlled
Eliminating the ‘e’ before a suffix beginning: with a vowel: - examples-3
v Bathe - Bathing.
v Slice -slicing.
v Divide-dividing
v Prove-proving
v Price-pricing
v Fire -firing.
v Make-Making.
v Joke -joking.
v Live -Living.
v Like -Liking.
v Take -Taking.
v Bake -Baking.
v Wake - Waking.
v The e remains before a Suffix
v Examples-4
v Hope--Hopeful
v Engage--Engagement
v Manage--Management.
v Replace--Replaceable.
v Change--Changeabl
Final ‘y’ changes to i before: any suffix
v Examples-5
v Happy --happily.
v Beauty-- beautiful
v Carry--carried
v Marry--married
v The y does not change: - Examples-6
v Pray --prayed.
v Play --played.
4.Words formations
The words which are not formed are called the Primary words.
These are the original words in the language.
By adding two or more simple words, the Compound words are formed.
Examples
Verb and noun:–
Breakfast
Scarecrow
Telltale
Pickpocket
Spendthrift
Makeshift
Adjective and noun
Sweetheart
Blackboard
Stronghold,
Cold shower
Long queue,
Half –moon
Nobleman,
Shorthand
Half -moon,
Short pencil,
Express bus.
Gerund and a noun
Drawing room
Writing desk
Looking glass
Steps stone
Blotting paper
Spelling book
Rolling pin
Sitting place
Running –track
Running –water
Noun and noun
Air man
Man servant
Room mate
Arm chair
Moon light
Ship keeper
Chess-board
Pop corn
Shoe maker
Fire proofs
Pop gun
Sky scraper
Fire-escape
Post man
Sun light
Foot ball
Post mark
Table tennis
Horse-power
Rail way
Tax payer
Jail bird
Roll call
Tea spoon
Water proof
Water tank
Wind mill
Verb and adverb and vice versa
Drawback
Die-hard
Out set
Out cry
Upkeep
Out come,
Income
Old fashioned
Out break.
Preposition and a noun
Afternoon
Underground
Outlaw
Bypath
Inmate
Overcoat
Downfall
Inside
Overweight
Downstairs
Uphill
Under weight
Foresight
Off-shoot
Indoor
Forethought
Out door
Bottom line
Adjective and adjective:
Red-hot
Sky-blue
White-hot
Dull-grey
Luke-warm
Pure -white
Dark- green
vAdverb and participle
Long-suffering
Ever-lasting
Out-going
Never- ending
Out-spoken
Down-hearted
Time-saving
In coming
Thorough-bred
Well-deserved
Far-seen
Inborn
Dark looking
Noun and adjectives
Blood-red
Sky-blue
Snow- white
Note worthy
Breast-high
Skin-deep
Sea -side
Life-long
World-wide
Head-strong
Home-sick
Night-blind
Noun and participle
Heart-rending
Ear-piercing
Time-saving
Heart- broken
Bed-ridden
Hand-made
Adverb and verb
Overthrow
Overtake
Foretell
Undertake
Illuse.
Undergo
Overhear
Overdo
Outbid
Intake
Adjective and verb
Safe-guard
white-wash
Full-fill
Half-cooked
Full-grown
Finely-pounded
Noun and verb
Waylay
Backbite
Typewrite
Milkshake
The primary derivatives are formed by making simple changes in the words. Examples
The nouns are derived from the verbs
Nouns from Verbs
Belief-believe
Price-prize
Blood-bleed
Sale -Sell
Bath -bathe
Drop -Drip
Food -feed
Glass -glaze
Service-service
Advice-advise
Primary derivatives
The primary derivatives are formed by changing the letters of a word.
Examples:
Advise-advice
Bind-bond
Choose-choice
Float-fleet
Hot-heat
Live-life
Sing-song
Sit-seat
Bite-beat
Wake-watch
The secondary derivatives
The secondary derivatives are formed by adding ‘prefix or suffix to a particular word.
The prefixes
Prefix is a word or letter added to the beginning of another word or base word to qualify the meaning and usage of a new word. The opposite of prefix is suffix.
The two main prefixes are ‘mis’ denotes wrong and ‘un; denotes the negative meaning.
Example-
Mis fortune, mislead, misdeed, misappropriate.
Un-untrue.undeveloped, unkind, undo, unfold, unable
A- Awake, alight, arise asleep, alive, ashore
Be beside, befriend.
For forgive, forsake.
Fore forefinger, ancestor, forecast, foretells.
In inland, invoice, input, income.
To towards, tonight, today, tomorrow.
Over overflow, overdo, overact, overall.
Under understand, underestimate, underground
Eco-ecology, economy, ecotourism, ecosystem,
Extra-extraordinary,
Ex-ex wife, expresident
Auto-automobile, autoteller,
Bi-bilingual, bicycle, bisexuality
Bi-biotechnology, biography, biosphere
The suffixes
An addition to the end of a word is suffix
able, bile ---available, movable, eatable, incredible
an --- publican
ance, ence--repentance, adherence reentrance, existence
ant --assistant, servant, important,
dom--freedom, kingdom, seldom, wisdom
ed-desired, talented,
el,et,ette---satchel, locket cigarette, committee
en --wooden, woolen, golden, weaken, sweeten, gladden, strengthen, maiden, kitten, chicken, gladden, strengthen, maiden, kitten, chicken.
er, eer, ier --baker, engineer, furrier, painter, teacher, baker, farmer, lawyer
ess --goddess, sinless, priceless, waitress
fy--glorify,purify , simplify,
hood--childhood, motherhood, manhood, fatherhood
ie. --dearie, dairies
icle --particle
ish --reddish, girlish, relish.
kin--pumpkin, napkin.
less -- careless, guiltless, merciless, countless, shameless, hopeless, senseless, boundless, fearless.
let--eaflet, booklet
ling --codling, darling, modeling, duckling, darling.
lock--wedlock.
long --headlong, sidelong, lifelong,prolong
ly--unfriendly, quickly, manly, widely, godly, boldly, wisely.
ment-- merriment, compliment, enjoyment
ness--darkness, sweetness, boldness, goodness.
ock-- hillock, bullock, padlock.
oon -- saloon, balloon,
ory-- dormitory, factory
ous--famous, glorious, momentous
se--cleanse, rinse.
ship--hardship, lordship, friendship.
some-- meddlesome, wholesome, gladsome, quarrelsome.
ster--spinster, songster, punster
th--health, sheath, truth.
thy--wealthy, healthy.
ward--forward, backward, wayward. upwards, downward, homeward.
way--anyway, always
wise--otherwise, likewise
Words with single vowel and single consonant at the end double the consonant before suffix beginning with a vowel:
Examples-1
· Run -- running.
· Beg -- beggar.
· Rob --- robbing.
· Sad --- saddest.
Words ending in single vowel and single consonant will double the final consonant: Examples-2
v Commit--Committed
v Begin ---Beginner
v Permit ---Permitted
v Occur --Occurred
v Stop--stopped
v Fullfil---fulfilled
v Admit---admitted
v Kidnap---kidnapped
v Program--programmed
v Control--controlled
Eliminating the ‘e’ before a suffix beginning: with a vowel: - examples-3
v Bathe - Bathing.
v Slice -slicing.
v Divide-dividing
v Prove-proving
v Price-pricing
v Fire -firing.
v Make-Making.
v Joke -joking.
v Live -Living.
v Like -Liking.
v Take -Taking.
v Bake -Baking.
v Wake - Waking.
v The e remains before a Suffix
v Examples-4
v Hope--Hopeful
v Engage--Engagement
v Manage--Management.
v Replace--Replaceable.
v Change--Changeabl
Final ‘y’ changes to i before: any suffix
v Examples-5
v Happy --happily.
v Beauty-- beautiful
v Carry--carried
v Marry--married
v The y does not change: - Examples-6
v Pray --prayed.
v Play --played.
4.Words formations
The words which are not formed are called the Primary words.
These are the original words in the language.
By adding two or more simple words, the Compound words are formed.
Examples
Verb and noun:–
Breakfast
Scarecrow
Telltale
Pickpocket
Spendthrift
Makeshift
Adjective and noun
Sweetheart
Blackboard
Stronghold,
Cold shower
Long queue,
Half –moon
Nobleman,
Shorthand
Half -moon,
Short pencil,
Express bus.
Gerund and a noun
Drawing room
Writing desk
Looking glass
Steps stone
Blotting paper
Spelling book
Rolling pin
Sitting place
Running –track
Running –water
Noun and noun
Air man
Man servant
Room mate
Arm chair
Moon light
Ship keeper
Chess-board
Pop corn
Shoe maker
Fire proofs
Pop gun
Sky scraper
Fire-escape
Post man
Sun light
Foot ball
Post mark
Table tennis
Horse-power
Rail way
Tax payer
Jail bird
Roll call
Tea spoon
Water proof
Water tank
Wind mill
Verb and adverb and vice versa
Drawback
Die-hard
Out set
Out cry
Upkeep
Out come,
Income
Old fashioned
Out break.
Preposition and a noun
Afternoon
Underground
Outlaw
Bypath
Inmate
Overcoat
Downfall
Inside
Overweight
Downstairs
Uphill
Under weight
Foresight
Off-shoot
Indoor
Forethought
Out door
Bottom line
Adjective and adjective:
Red-hot
Sky-blue
White-hot
Dull-grey
Luke-warm
Pure -white
Dark- green
vAdverb and participle
Long-suffering
Ever-lasting
Out-going
Never- ending
Out-spoken
Down-hearted
Time-saving
In coming
Thorough-bred
Well-deserved
Far-seen
Inborn
Dark looking
Noun and adjectives
Blood-red
Sky-blue
Snow- white
Note worthy
Breast-high
Skin-deep
Sea -side
Life-long
World-wide
Head-strong
Home-sick
Night-blind
Noun and participle
Heart-rending
Ear-piercing
Time-saving
Heart- broken
Bed-ridden
Hand-made
Adverb and verb
Overthrow
Overtake
Foretell
Undertake
Illuse.
Undergo
Overhear
Overdo
Outbid
Intake
Adjective and verb
Safe-guard
white-wash
Full-fill
Half-cooked
Full-grown
Finely-pounded
Noun and verb
Waylay
Backbite
Typewrite
Milkshake
The primary derivatives are formed by making simple changes in the words. Examples
The nouns are derived from the verbs
Nouns from Verbs
Belief-believe
Price-prize
Blood-bleed
Sale -Sell
Bath -bathe
Drop -Drip
Food -feed
Glass -glaze
Service-service
Advice-advise
Primary derivatives
The primary derivatives are formed by changing the letters of a word.
Examples:
Advise-advice
Bind-bond
Choose-choice
Float-fleet
Hot-heat
Live-life
Sing-song
Sit-seat
Bite-beat
Wake-watch
The secondary derivatives
The secondary derivatives are formed by adding ‘prefix or suffix to a particular word.
The prefixes
Prefix is a word or letter added to the beginning of another word or base word to qualify the meaning and usage of a new word. The opposite of prefix is suffix.
The two main prefixes are ‘mis’ denotes wrong and ‘un; denotes the negative meaning.
Example-
Mis fortune, mislead, misdeed, misappropriate.
Un-untrue.undeveloped, unkind, undo, unfold, unable
A- Awake, alight, arise asleep, alive, ashore
Be beside, befriend.
For forgive, forsake.
Fore forefinger, ancestor, forecast, foretells.
In inland, invoice, input, income.
To towards, tonight, today, tomorrow.
Over overflow, overdo, overact, overall.
Under understand, underestimate, underground
Eco-ecology, economy, ecotourism, ecosystem,
Extra-extraordinary,
Ex-ex wife, expresident
Auto-automobile, autoteller,
Bi-bilingual, bicycle, bisexuality
Bi-biotechnology, biography, biosphere
The suffixes
An addition to the end of a word is suffix
able, bile ---available, movable, eatable, incredible
an --- publican
ance, ence--repentance, adherence reentrance, existence
ant --assistant, servant, important,
dom--freedom, kingdom, seldom, wisdom
ed-desired, talented,
el,et,ette---satchel, locket cigarette, committee
en --wooden, woolen, golden, weaken, sweeten, gladden, strengthen, maiden, kitten, chicken, gladden, strengthen, maiden, kitten, chicken.
er, eer, ier --baker, engineer, furrier, painter, teacher, baker, farmer, lawyer
ess --goddess, sinless, priceless, waitress
fy--glorify,purify , simplify,
hood--childhood, motherhood, manhood, fatherhood
ie. --dearie, dairies
icle --particle
ish --reddish, girlish, relish.
kin--pumpkin, napkin.
less -- careless, guiltless, merciless, countless, shameless, hopeless, senseless, boundless, fearless.
let--eaflet, booklet
ling --codling, darling, modeling, duckling, darling.
lock--wedlock.
long --headlong, sidelong, lifelong,prolong
ly--unfriendly, quickly, manly, widely, godly, boldly, wisely.
ment-- merriment, compliment, enjoyment
ness--darkness, sweetness, boldness, goodness.
ock-- hillock, bullock, padlock.
oon -- saloon, balloon,
ory-- dormitory, factory
ous--famous, glorious, momentous
se--cleanse, rinse.
ship--hardship, lordship, friendship.
some-- meddlesome, wholesome, gladsome, quarrelsome.
ster--spinster, songster, punster
th--health, sheath, truth.
thy--wealthy, healthy.
ward--forward, backward, wayward. upwards, downward, homeward.
way--anyway, always
wise--otherwise, likewise
LEARN ENGLISH GRAMMAR- LESSON -2 -NOUNS-2
lesson-2-continuation
Noun- Number
There are two number nouns.
1. Singular
2.Plural.
The plural noun of most nouns is created simply be adding the letter s.
Belief -beliefs.
Book -books
Boy-boys
Car -cars
Cat-cats
Cello-cellos.
Comb-combs
Dog-dogs
Dwarf -dwarfs.
Dynamo-dynamos.
Friend-friends
Girl -girls
Handkerchief-handkerchiefs
Kilo-kilos
Kimono -kimonos
Memento -mementos.
Memo-memos.
Pen-pens
Pencil -pencils
Photo -photos.
Piano- piano.
Radical -radicals
Ratio -ratios.
Roof –roofs
Barrack--Barracks.
Ski -skis.
Snake-snakes
Solo -solos.
Stereo -stereos.
Wharf -Wharfs & wharves
Words require an –‘es’ for the plural
Fox------ foxes
gas ------ gases
bus ------ buses
Kiss------kisses
Brush----brushes
Glass---- glasses
Dish-----dishes
Hero-----Heroes.
Potato ----potatoes
Mango---Mangoes
Witch---- Witches
Match----Matches
Watch----Watches
box -------Boxes
Jones-----Joneses
Clutch---Clutches,
Class---- classes,
Branch---Branches,
Tax-------Taxes
Buffalo---buffaloes
By changing: ‘y’ into i and adding ‘es’
Baby---babies
Lady---Ladies
City---cities
Pony---ponies
Army---armies
Story---stories
Gypsy---gypsies
Fly---flies
Country---countries
Party---parties
Lavatory---lavatories
Gallery---galleries
Reality---realities.
Proper nouns plurals
More than one Kennedy ---Kennedys.
More than one Fernando---Fernandos.
More than one Mohammad---Mohammads.
More than one Muthu ---Muthus.
More than one Ari ---Aris.
‘ife’ ‘fe’, and ‘f’ of singular drop
and add ‘ves’ to form plurals
Knife--knives
Leaf--leaves
Hoof--hooves.
Life--lives.
Self--selves.
Thief--thieves
Wife--wives
Life--lives
Calf--calves
Loaf--loaves
Knife--knives
Shelf--shelves
Wolf--wolves
Exceptions
Chief—Chiefs
Proof---proofs
Serf---serfs
Safe---safes
Brief---briefs
Gulf---gulfs.
The same singular word is used without changing any part of it.
Examples
Swine, sheep, deer, cod, trout, salmon, pair, dozen, score, boss, hundred.
Articles in pair
Examples: Bellows, scissors, tongs, pincers, spectacles, binoculars, jeans, trousers, tights, shorts, pyjamas, drawers, earrings.
Name of diseases end in s usually take a singular verb and pronoun: - Examples
Measles is caused by a distinct virus and the symptoms resemble those of a cold.
German Measles has declined since the availability of the vaccine.
Any child who has not had a measles, vaccine should be given one.
Mumps is an acute, contagious disease that sometimes affects children between the ages of five and fifteen.
Shingles is a very painful and distressing disease caused by viral infection of the nerves.
Name of games end in ‘s’ usually take a singular verb and pronoun.
Snakes and ladders is a favorite indoor game of the young children.
Dominoes is a game played and liked by boys.
Darts is played by men of all ages as a hobby.
Chinese checkers is air interesting indoor games.
Irregular plural forms or mutated plurals
v Child--children
v Woman--Women.
v Man--Men.
v Person--People.
v Goose--Geese.
v Mouse--Mice.
v Tooth --Teeth.
v Foot--Feet.
v Louse--Lice.
Other plurals
v More than one deer-Deer.
v More than one Sheep—sheep
v More than one Nucleus--Nuclei.
v Syllabus--Syllabi.
v Focus--Foci.
v Fungus--Fungi.
v Cactus--Cacti Cactuses also acceptable.
v Thesis--Theses.
v Crisis--Crises.
v Phenomenon--Phenomena.
v Index--Indices (Indexes Are Acceptable).
v Appendix--Appendices (Appendixes Is Acceptable).
v Criterion--Criteria.
Singular and Plural noun
Man servant
Men servant
Woman doctor
Women doctor
Man driver
Men driver
Woman-conductor
Women conductor
Male patient
male patients
Lady doctor
Lady doctors
Female nurse
Female nurses
Inspector- general
Inspectors -general
Director-general
Directors general ,
Secretary-general
Secretaries-general
Governor-general
Governors-general
I Music -director
Music-directors
Film- producer
Film- producers.
Father-in-law
Fathers-in-law
Sister-in-law
Sisters-in-law
Looker-on
Lookers on
Passer- by
Passers by
Commander-in-chief
Commanders in chief
Guest of honor
Guests of honor
Winner of war
Winners of war
Other Singular and Plural
Analysis
Analyses
Appendix
appendixes
Axis
Axes
Bacterium
Bacteria
Basis
Bases
Bureau
Bureaux
Chateau
Chateaux
Curriculum
Curricula
Diagnosis
Diagnoses
Formula
Formulae
Fungus
Fungi, Funguses
Hypothesis
Hypotheses
Larva
Larvae
Medals
Media
Neurosis
Neuroses
Oasis
Symposia
Parenthesis
Parentheses
Plateau
Plateaux
Radius
Radii
Stimulus
Stimuli
Stratum
Strata
Symposium
Symposia
Synopsis
Synopses
Terminus
Termini
Vertebra
Vertebrae
A handful of nouns appear to be plural in form but take a singular verb:
The news is bad.
Civics is the principle of duties and rights in life.
Linguistics is the science of languages.
Physics is the science of properties and inter relations of matter and energy.
Phonetics is the study of subjects through sounds.
Nouns used with singular or plural verb and singular or plural pronoun
Gymnastics is fun to watch.
Gymnastics have many mode of physical and mental exercises.
Economics is the proof of a country's development.
Economics-- The under developed countries’ economics are forcing them to lend money from rich countries.
Mechanic is the science of machinery.
Mechanics of public speaking are quite difficult.
Mathematics: The modern mathematics is my interesting subject.
My sister's mathematics have been improved
Statistics is said to be difficult.
Noun- Number
There are two number nouns.
1. Singular
2.Plural.
The plural noun of most nouns is created simply be adding the letter s.
Belief -beliefs.
Book -books
Boy-boys
Car -cars
Cat-cats
Cello-cellos.
Comb-combs
Dog-dogs
Dwarf -dwarfs.
Dynamo-dynamos.
Friend-friends
Girl -girls
Handkerchief-handkerchiefs
Kilo-kilos
Kimono -kimonos
Memento -mementos.
Memo-memos.
Pen-pens
Pencil -pencils
Photo -photos.
Piano- piano.
Radical -radicals
Ratio -ratios.
Roof –roofs
Barrack--Barracks.
Ski -skis.
Snake-snakes
Solo -solos.
Stereo -stereos.
Wharf -Wharfs & wharves
Words require an –‘es’ for the plural
Fox------ foxes
gas ------ gases
bus ------ buses
Kiss------kisses
Brush----brushes
Glass---- glasses
Dish-----dishes
Hero-----Heroes.
Potato ----potatoes
Mango---Mangoes
Witch---- Witches
Match----Matches
Watch----Watches
box -------Boxes
Jones-----Joneses
Clutch---Clutches,
Class---- classes,
Branch---Branches,
Tax-------Taxes
Buffalo---buffaloes
By changing: ‘y’ into i and adding ‘es’
Baby---babies
Lady---Ladies
City---cities
Pony---ponies
Army---armies
Story---stories
Gypsy---gypsies
Fly---flies
Country---countries
Party---parties
Lavatory---lavatories
Gallery---galleries
Reality---realities.
Proper nouns plurals
More than one Kennedy ---Kennedys.
More than one Fernando---Fernandos.
More than one Mohammad---Mohammads.
More than one Muthu ---Muthus.
More than one Ari ---Aris.
‘ife’ ‘fe’, and ‘f’ of singular drop
and add ‘ves’ to form plurals
Knife--knives
Leaf--leaves
Hoof--hooves.
Life--lives.
Self--selves.
Thief--thieves
Wife--wives
Life--lives
Calf--calves
Loaf--loaves
Knife--knives
Shelf--shelves
Wolf--wolves
Exceptions
Chief—Chiefs
Proof---proofs
Serf---serfs
Safe---safes
Brief---briefs
Gulf---gulfs.
The same singular word is used without changing any part of it.
Examples
Swine, sheep, deer, cod, trout, salmon, pair, dozen, score, boss, hundred.
Articles in pair
Examples: Bellows, scissors, tongs, pincers, spectacles, binoculars, jeans, trousers, tights, shorts, pyjamas, drawers, earrings.
Name of diseases end in s usually take a singular verb and pronoun: - Examples
Measles is caused by a distinct virus and the symptoms resemble those of a cold.
German Measles has declined since the availability of the vaccine.
Any child who has not had a measles, vaccine should be given one.
Mumps is an acute, contagious disease that sometimes affects children between the ages of five and fifteen.
Shingles is a very painful and distressing disease caused by viral infection of the nerves.
Name of games end in ‘s’ usually take a singular verb and pronoun.
Snakes and ladders is a favorite indoor game of the young children.
Dominoes is a game played and liked by boys.
Darts is played by men of all ages as a hobby.
Chinese checkers is air interesting indoor games.
Irregular plural forms or mutated plurals
v Child--children
v Woman--Women.
v Man--Men.
v Person--People.
v Goose--Geese.
v Mouse--Mice.
v Tooth --Teeth.
v Foot--Feet.
v Louse--Lice.
Other plurals
v More than one deer-Deer.
v More than one Sheep—sheep
v More than one Nucleus--Nuclei.
v Syllabus--Syllabi.
v Focus--Foci.
v Fungus--Fungi.
v Cactus--Cacti Cactuses also acceptable.
v Thesis--Theses.
v Crisis--Crises.
v Phenomenon--Phenomena.
v Index--Indices (Indexes Are Acceptable).
v Appendix--Appendices (Appendixes Is Acceptable).
v Criterion--Criteria.
Singular and Plural noun
Man servant
Men servant
Woman doctor
Women doctor
Man driver
Men driver
Woman-conductor
Women conductor
Male patient
male patients
Lady doctor
Lady doctors
Female nurse
Female nurses
Inspector- general
Inspectors -general
Director-general
Directors general ,
Secretary-general
Secretaries-general
Governor-general
Governors-general
I Music -director
Music-directors
Film- producer
Film- producers.
Father-in-law
Fathers-in-law
Sister-in-law
Sisters-in-law
Looker-on
Lookers on
Passer- by
Passers by
Commander-in-chief
Commanders in chief
Guest of honor
Guests of honor
Winner of war
Winners of war
Other Singular and Plural
Analysis
Analyses
Appendix
appendixes
Axis
Axes
Bacterium
Bacteria
Basis
Bases
Bureau
Bureaux
Chateau
Chateaux
Curriculum
Curricula
Diagnosis
Diagnoses
Formula
Formulae
Fungus
Fungi, Funguses
Hypothesis
Hypotheses
Larva
Larvae
Medals
Media
Neurosis
Neuroses
Oasis
Symposia
Parenthesis
Parentheses
Plateau
Plateaux
Radius
Radii
Stimulus
Stimuli
Stratum
Strata
Symposium
Symposia
Synopsis
Synopses
Terminus
Termini
Vertebra
Vertebrae
A handful of nouns appear to be plural in form but take a singular verb:
The news is bad.
Civics is the principle of duties and rights in life.
Linguistics is the science of languages.
Physics is the science of properties and inter relations of matter and energy.
Phonetics is the study of subjects through sounds.
Nouns used with singular or plural verb and singular or plural pronoun
Gymnastics is fun to watch.
Gymnastics have many mode of physical and mental exercises.
Economics is the proof of a country's development.
Economics-- The under developed countries’ economics are forcing them to lend money from rich countries.
Mechanic is the science of machinery.
Mechanics of public speaking are quite difficult.
Mathematics: The modern mathematics is my interesting subject.
My sister's mathematics have been improved
Statistics is said to be difficult.
LEARN ENGLISH GRAMMAR- LESSON -2 -NOUN S-1
LEARN ENGLISH GRAMMAR- LESSON - 2- NOUNS
2.Nouns Nouns express name of a person, place and thing.
Nouns are of two types:
Common nouns
Proper nouns Names of persons - Laliha, Hanis, Chan, Ram.
The person’s names are called proper nouns.
However, if they are called as President Mohammad, King Edward, leader Ari and minister Hanis. Then the president, king, leader and minister are all the common nouns.
a. Kareem is a boy.
b. Fatima is a girl.
c. London is a town.
d. Kuala Lumpur is a city.
Kareem is a proper noun, while boy is a common noun.
Fatima is a proper noun, while girl is a common noun.
London is a proper noun, while town is a common noun.
Kuala Lumpur is a proper noun, while city is a common noun.
Proper nouns are always written with a capital letter at the beginning.
Exercise
Common nouns
and
proper nouns
i. People
Sabahan
ii. Brother
John
iii. Vehicles
Van
iv. Utensils
Serving Bowl
v. Fruits
Orange
vi. Flowers
vii. Sunflower
§Common nouns
This is a name given in common to every person or thing of the same kind. (These include the Collective nouns and the Abstract Nouns.)
A. collective Nouns
Persons or things are grouped under one whole noun such as, Crowd, teamwork, herd, army, fleet, family, nation, committee, and parliament.
Examples –
A bale of cotton.
A bevy of women
A bouquet of flowers
A brood of chicken
A bunch of bananas
A bunch of grapes
A bunch of keys
A bundle of rags
A chest of drawers.
A clump of trees,
A cluster of diamonds
A cluster of stars.
A clutch of eggs
A collection of butterflies
A collection of coins
A collection of pictures.
A collection of stamps
A comb of bananas
A crate of apples
A crate of bottled drinks
A crew of sailors
A crowd of people
A fleet of ships
A flight of steps
A flock birds
A flock sheep
A forest of trees.
A gaggle of geese
A gaggle of turkeys
A gang of robbers
A gang of thieves
A group of boys
A group of children
A group of girls
A group of people
A hail of fire
A heap of rubbish
A herd of cows and bulls
A herd of bulls
A herd of cattle
A herd of cows
A herd of elephants
A library of books.
A litter of kittens
A litter of puppies
A loaf of bread
A nest of ants
A pack of cards
A pack of wolves
A pair of shoes
A pair of spectacles
A roll of film
A rope of pearls.
A row of chairs
A row of desks
A row of houses
A row of trees
A school of fish
A set of tools
A set of tools.
A sheaf of corn.
A shoal of fish
A staff of teachers
A string of beads
A string of pearls
A suit of clothes.
A suite of furniture’s
A suite of rooms
A swarm of bees
A swarm of insects
A team collection of players.
A team of players
A troop of monkeys
A troop of scouts
A turf of grass.
An arm of soldiers
An army collection of soldiers.
An orchard of fruit trees
Abstract Nouns
They are classified according to action, quality or state.
Actions-Laughter, theft, movement, judgment and hatred.
Quality- goodness, kindness, whiteness, darkness, hardness, brightness, honesty wisdom and bravery.
State-childhood, boyhood, youth, slavery, sleepy, sickness, death, poverty.
Arts and Science such as grammar, music, literature, law and chemistry are also Abstract Nouns.
Abstract Nouns
And Adjectives
Poverty
Poor
Strength
Strong
Kindness
Kind
Goodness
Good
Honesty
Honest
Abstract Nouns
Verbs
Movement
Move
Seizure
Seize
Service
Serve
Obedience
Obey
Growth
Grow
Discovery
Discover
Abstract Nouns
Common Nouns
Piracy
Pirate
Agency
Agent
Friendship
Friend
Patriotism
Patriot
Childhood
Child
Ownership
Owner
Bondage
Bond
Slavery
Slave
Humanity
Human
Forestry
Forest
Adjectives and abstract nouns
Bitter
Bitterness
Cruel
Cruelty
Decent
Decency
Good
Goodness
Wise
Wisdom
Young
Youth
Verbs and adjectives
Deep
Depth
Vacant
Vacancy
Brave
Bravery
Free
Freedom
High
Height
Human
Humanity
Sweet
sweetness
Abstract nouns from the verbs
Laugh
Laughter
Free
Freedom
Advise
Advice
Know
Knowledge
Verbs and abstract nouns
Starve
Starvation
Protect
Protect
Protection
Converse
Conversion
Punish
Punishment
Depart
department
Expect
Expectation
Observe
Observation
Judge
Justice
Excel
Excellency
Act
Activity
Seize
Seizure
Serve
service
Abstract nouns and common nouns:
Owner
ownership
King
Kingdom
Man
Manhood
Agent
Agency
Boy
Boyhood
Thief
Theft
Author
Authority
Pirate
Piracy
Friend
Friendship
Hero
heroism
The Noun Gender
Masculine Gender that denotes male and it is applied to Sun, Summer, and Winter, Time, Fire and Death.
The sun sheds his light rays on the earth.
Feminine Gender that denotes the female and it is applied to things for beauty, patient, gentleness, peacefulness such as Moon, Peace, Liberty, Nature, Hope, Justice, Mercy, Charity, Autumn and spring.
Examples
The moon showers her bright light into the bedroom.
The ship lost her way in the storm.
Common Gender is a noun that mentions either a male or female.
Examples of such common gender are parent, friend, pupil, banker, servant, thief, enemy, cousin, person, orphan, student, uncle, baby, monarch, neighbor, infant and etc.
Neuter Gender is a non living thing that denotes neither male nor female such as pillow, mattress, book, pen, wood, tree, wall, stone, beams, umbrella, file, torch, dress, shirt , purse, table, chair, paper sand, hanger, nail, plates, cups, saucers, spoon,
The Formation of Nouns
The Addition of 'ess' to the masculine word forms the feminine gender as follows
Author
Authoress
Baron
Baroness
Count
Countess
Giant
Giantess
Heir
Heiress
Host
Hostess
Jew
Jewess
Lion
Lioness
Manager
Manageress
Mayor
Mayoress
Patron
Patroness
Poet
Poetess
Priest
Priestess
Prophet
Prophetess
Shepherd
Shepherdess
Steward
Stewardess
The addition of ess after dropping the vowel of the masculine to form the feminine gender
1. Actor
actress
2. Benefactor
Benefactress
3. Conductor
Conductress
4. Enchanter
Enchantress
5. Founder
Foundress
6. Hunter
Huntress
7. Instructor
Instructress
8. Prince
Princess
9. Tiger
Tigress
10. Waiter
Waitress
11. Duke
Duchess
12. Emperor
Empress
13. Marquis
Marchioness
14. Murderer
Murderess
15. Sorcerer
Sorceress
16. Seamster
Seamstress
Addition of ‘ine’ or ‘trix’ or ‘a’ ‘en’ to
Masculine gender to form feminine gender
Hero
Heroine
Administrator
Administratrix
Executor
Executrix
Testator
Testatrix
Czar
Czarina
Sultan
Sultana
Signor
Signora
Fox
Vixen
§A gender word before or after the noun
Bull-calf
Cow-calf
Cock- Sparrow
Hen-sparrow
He-Goat
She-Goat
He –Bear
She-Bear
Jack-Ass
Jenny-Ass
Man-servant
Woman-servant
Grand-father
Grand-mother
Land-lord
Land-lady
Milk-man
Milk-maid
Pea-cock
Pea-hen
Washer- man
Washer-woman
Great-uncle
Great-aunt
Different words for masculine and feminine gender
Boy
girl
Bachelor
spinster
Brother
sister
Uncle
Aunt
Cock
hen
Bull
Cow
Earl
countess
Father
Mother
Son
daughter
Gentleman
madam
Horse
mare
Husband
wife
King
Queen
Lord
lady
Man
woman
Monk (friar)
nun
Nephew
niece
Papa
mama
Sir
madam
Wizard
witch
2.Nouns Nouns express name of a person, place and thing.
Nouns are of two types:
Common nouns
Proper nouns Names of persons - Laliha, Hanis, Chan, Ram.
The person’s names are called proper nouns.
However, if they are called as President Mohammad, King Edward, leader Ari and minister Hanis. Then the president, king, leader and minister are all the common nouns.
a. Kareem is a boy.
b. Fatima is a girl.
c. London is a town.
d. Kuala Lumpur is a city.
Kareem is a proper noun, while boy is a common noun.
Fatima is a proper noun, while girl is a common noun.
London is a proper noun, while town is a common noun.
Kuala Lumpur is a proper noun, while city is a common noun.
Proper nouns are always written with a capital letter at the beginning.
Exercise
Common nouns
and
proper nouns
i. People
Sabahan
ii. Brother
John
iii. Vehicles
Van
iv. Utensils
Serving Bowl
v. Fruits
Orange
vi. Flowers
vii. Sunflower
§Common nouns
This is a name given in common to every person or thing of the same kind. (These include the Collective nouns and the Abstract Nouns.)
A. collective Nouns
Persons or things are grouped under one whole noun such as, Crowd, teamwork, herd, army, fleet, family, nation, committee, and parliament.
Examples –
A bale of cotton.
A bevy of women
A bouquet of flowers
A brood of chicken
A bunch of bananas
A bunch of grapes
A bunch of keys
A bundle of rags
A chest of drawers.
A clump of trees,
A cluster of diamonds
A cluster of stars.
A clutch of eggs
A collection of butterflies
A collection of coins
A collection of pictures.
A collection of stamps
A comb of bananas
A crate of apples
A crate of bottled drinks
A crew of sailors
A crowd of people
A fleet of ships
A flight of steps
A flock birds
A flock sheep
A forest of trees.
A gaggle of geese
A gaggle of turkeys
A gang of robbers
A gang of thieves
A group of boys
A group of children
A group of girls
A group of people
A hail of fire
A heap of rubbish
A herd of cows and bulls
A herd of bulls
A herd of cattle
A herd of cows
A herd of elephants
A library of books.
A litter of kittens
A litter of puppies
A loaf of bread
A nest of ants
A pack of cards
A pack of wolves
A pair of shoes
A pair of spectacles
A roll of film
A rope of pearls.
A row of chairs
A row of desks
A row of houses
A row of trees
A school of fish
A set of tools
A set of tools.
A sheaf of corn.
A shoal of fish
A staff of teachers
A string of beads
A string of pearls
A suit of clothes.
A suite of furniture’s
A suite of rooms
A swarm of bees
A swarm of insects
A team collection of players.
A team of players
A troop of monkeys
A troop of scouts
A turf of grass.
An arm of soldiers
An army collection of soldiers.
An orchard of fruit trees
Abstract Nouns
They are classified according to action, quality or state.
Actions-Laughter, theft, movement, judgment and hatred.
Quality- goodness, kindness, whiteness, darkness, hardness, brightness, honesty wisdom and bravery.
State-childhood, boyhood, youth, slavery, sleepy, sickness, death, poverty.
Arts and Science such as grammar, music, literature, law and chemistry are also Abstract Nouns.
Abstract Nouns
And Adjectives
Poverty
Poor
Strength
Strong
Kindness
Kind
Goodness
Good
Honesty
Honest
Abstract Nouns
Verbs
Movement
Move
Seizure
Seize
Service
Serve
Obedience
Obey
Growth
Grow
Discovery
Discover
Abstract Nouns
Common Nouns
Piracy
Pirate
Agency
Agent
Friendship
Friend
Patriotism
Patriot
Childhood
Child
Ownership
Owner
Bondage
Bond
Slavery
Slave
Humanity
Human
Forestry
Forest
Adjectives and abstract nouns
Bitter
Bitterness
Cruel
Cruelty
Decent
Decency
Good
Goodness
Wise
Wisdom
Young
Youth
Verbs and adjectives
Deep
Depth
Vacant
Vacancy
Brave
Bravery
Free
Freedom
High
Height
Human
Humanity
Sweet
sweetness
Abstract nouns from the verbs
Laugh
Laughter
Free
Freedom
Advise
Advice
Know
Knowledge
Verbs and abstract nouns
Starve
Starvation
Protect
Protect
Protection
Converse
Conversion
Punish
Punishment
Depart
department
Expect
Expectation
Observe
Observation
Judge
Justice
Excel
Excellency
Act
Activity
Seize
Seizure
Serve
service
Abstract nouns and common nouns:
Owner
ownership
King
Kingdom
Man
Manhood
Agent
Agency
Boy
Boyhood
Thief
Theft
Author
Authority
Pirate
Piracy
Friend
Friendship
Hero
heroism
The Noun Gender
Masculine Gender that denotes male and it is applied to Sun, Summer, and Winter, Time, Fire and Death.
The sun sheds his light rays on the earth.
Feminine Gender that denotes the female and it is applied to things for beauty, patient, gentleness, peacefulness such as Moon, Peace, Liberty, Nature, Hope, Justice, Mercy, Charity, Autumn and spring.
Examples
The moon showers her bright light into the bedroom.
The ship lost her way in the storm.
Common Gender is a noun that mentions either a male or female.
Examples of such common gender are parent, friend, pupil, banker, servant, thief, enemy, cousin, person, orphan, student, uncle, baby, monarch, neighbor, infant and etc.
Neuter Gender is a non living thing that denotes neither male nor female such as pillow, mattress, book, pen, wood, tree, wall, stone, beams, umbrella, file, torch, dress, shirt , purse, table, chair, paper sand, hanger, nail, plates, cups, saucers, spoon,
The Formation of Nouns
The Addition of 'ess' to the masculine word forms the feminine gender as follows
Author
Authoress
Baron
Baroness
Count
Countess
Giant
Giantess
Heir
Heiress
Host
Hostess
Jew
Jewess
Lion
Lioness
Manager
Manageress
Mayor
Mayoress
Patron
Patroness
Poet
Poetess
Priest
Priestess
Prophet
Prophetess
Shepherd
Shepherdess
Steward
Stewardess
The addition of ess after dropping the vowel of the masculine to form the feminine gender
1. Actor
actress
2. Benefactor
Benefactress
3. Conductor
Conductress
4. Enchanter
Enchantress
5. Founder
Foundress
6. Hunter
Huntress
7. Instructor
Instructress
8. Prince
Princess
9. Tiger
Tigress
10. Waiter
Waitress
11. Duke
Duchess
12. Emperor
Empress
13. Marquis
Marchioness
14. Murderer
Murderess
15. Sorcerer
Sorceress
16. Seamster
Seamstress
Addition of ‘ine’ or ‘trix’ or ‘a’ ‘en’ to
Masculine gender to form feminine gender
Hero
Heroine
Administrator
Administratrix
Executor
Executrix
Testator
Testatrix
Czar
Czarina
Sultan
Sultana
Signor
Signora
Fox
Vixen
§A gender word before or after the noun
Bull-calf
Cow-calf
Cock- Sparrow
Hen-sparrow
He-Goat
She-Goat
He –Bear
She-Bear
Jack-Ass
Jenny-Ass
Man-servant
Woman-servant
Grand-father
Grand-mother
Land-lord
Land-lady
Milk-man
Milk-maid
Pea-cock
Pea-hen
Washer- man
Washer-woman
Great-uncle
Great-aunt
Different words for masculine and feminine gender
Boy
girl
Bachelor
spinster
Brother
sister
Uncle
Aunt
Cock
hen
Bull
Cow
Earl
countess
Father
Mother
Son
daughter
Gentleman
madam
Horse
mare
Husband
wife
King
Queen
Lord
lady
Man
woman
Monk (friar)
nun
Nephew
niece
Papa
mama
Sir
madam
Wizard
witch
LEARN TAMIL WORDS THROUGH ENGLISH--N,O
ENGLISH-TAMIL WORDS-N,O
N
Nab-Udanehh Pidiththal
Nag-Natcharippu
Nail -Nagam
Nail-Aani
Natïves-Palangkudi Makkal
Name-Peyyar
Napkin-Siru Thundu
Nap-Siriya Thookkam
Narcotic-Pohhthai Marunthu
Narrate-Vilakkam
Nasty-Vehhndaatha
Nation-Thehhsam
Natural-Yiyarkkaiyaaka
Nature-Yiyarkai
Nature-Yiyarkkai
Naughty-Sehhttai,Kurumbu
Nausea-Kumattal
Navel-Thoppil
Navigate-Kadal Payanam
Near-Arukil
Neat-Suththam
Necessary-Thehhvai
Neck-Kaluththu
Nector-Thehhn
Needle-Uusi
Need-Thehhvai
Negative-Yehthirmarai
Neglect-Kavanam Yillaamal
Neighbour-Andai Veettukkaarar
Neptune-Kadal Kadavul
Nerve-Narambu
Nest-Paravai Koondu
Net-Valai
Neutral-Samam
New-Puthiyathu
Newspaper-Naal Yithal
Next Month-Aduththa Maatham
Next Week-Aduththa Vaaram
Next Year-Aduththa Varudam
Nickname-Punaipeyyar
Nightingale-Kuyil
Noise-Saththam
Noon-Mathiyam
Nose-Mooku
Not -Yillai
Nothing-Ontrum Yillai
Nought-Sooliyam,‘0’
Noun-Pehyar Sol
Nourish –Unavu Koduppathu
Novel-Kathai
Now-Yippoluthu
Now-Yippoluthu
Nuclear Energy-Anusakthi
Nuisance-Thollai
Null-Mathippu Yillaatha
Numbers-Yenkal
Numb-Unartchi Yillaatha
Nun-
Nurse-Thaathiyar
Nurture-Valarppathu
Nut-Kadalai
O
Oar-Thuduppu
Oasis-Paalavana Sohhlai
Oath-Saththiya Vaakku
Object-Porul, Maruppu
Obligate-Nandri Kadan
Obstacle-Thadai
Obtain-Kidaippathu
Occasion—Santharppam
Occupy-Thangkuvathu
Ocean-Samutthiram
Odour-Vaasanai
Offence-Kutram
Office-Aluvalagam
Oil-Yennai
Old Lady-Kilavi
Oldman-Kilavan, Vayathaanavar
Old-Palaya
Omit-Thavir
Once-Oru Murai
One-Ondru
Onion-Vengkaayam
Only One-Orey Oru
Open-Thira
Operation-Aruvai Sikitchai
Opera-Yisai Naadagam
Opinion-Kanippu,Karuththu
Oppose-Yehthirppu
Option-Thehhrvu Sei
Orchard-Pala Thohhttam
Order-Uththaravu,Muraiyaaga
Ordinary-Saathaaranam
Ore-Ulohhga Thaathu
Organ-Yisai Karuvi, Udal Pakuthi
Original-
Origin-Thuvakkam
Ornament-Alangkaara Porul
Oru Amaippu
Other-Mattra,Vehhru
Oualify-Thaguthi
Our-Yehngkal
Out-Vehliyehh
Over-Mehhlehh,Mudinthathu
Overthrow-Viluthal
Owl-Kaluku
Own-Sohnthamaana
LEARN TAMIL WORDS THROUGH ENGLISH-M
ENGLISH-TAMIL WORDS-M
M
Mackerel-Kadal Meen
Madam-Ammaiyaar
Mad-Payiththiyam
Magazine-Paththirikkai
Magic-Viththai
Magnet-Kaantham
Maiden-Yilampehn
Maid-Vehhlaikaari
Mail-Kaditham
Main-Muthanmai,Thalaimai
Maintain-Samaaliththal
Major-Athigam,Raanuva Athikaari
Make-Sei
Male Friend-Tholan
Male Singer-Paadagan
Male Student-Maa Na Van
Man-Aahn
Mango-Maangkaai
Mansion-Maaligai
Manufacture-Urppaththi
Manure-Uram
Many –Pala
Many People-Palar
Many Times-Palamurai
Many-Athigam
Map-Varaipadam
Maral- Olukkam
Marble-Balingki Kal
Market-Santhai
Marriage-Thirumanam
Mask-Mugamoodi
Master-Muthalaali
Match-Poruththam,Pohhtti
Mate-Thunai
Mat-Paai
Maximum-Athigamaga
Me -Yehnakku
Meadow-Pulvehli
Meaning-Arththam
Meat-Yiraichchi
Medal-Pathakkam
Medicine-Marunthu
Meditate-Thiyaanam
Medium-Naduththaram
Meet-Santhippu
Melody-Yinimaiyaana Yisai
Memory –Ninaivil Ullathu, Nyaabagam
Me-Naan
Me-Naan
Mercury-Paatharasam
Mermaid-Kadal Kanni
Methane- Yiri Vaaivu
Method-Murai,Vitham
Microbes-Nun Kirumigal
Middle Finger-Nadu Viral
Middle-Naduvil
Military –Raanuvam
Milk-Paal
Millet-Siru Thaaniam
Million-Paththu Latcham(10,00,000-Aahyiram Aahyiram)
Mimosa-Thottaa Sinungki Sehdi
Mince Meat-Koththu Kari
Mince-Koththu,
Mind-Ninaivu
Mine -Yehnnudaiya
Mine-Surangkam
Mine-Yehnnudaiya
Mingle-Sehr, Ontraai Kala
Minimise-Siriyathaakku
Minimum-Kurainthathu
Minister-Manthiri
Ministry-Amaichu
Miracle-Athisayam
Mirage-Kaanal Neer
Mirror-Kannaadi
Mischievous-Chutti
Miser-Karumi
Mission- Sehhvai Kulu
Missionary-Matha Sehhvai
Miss-Thavaruthal
Mistake-Thavaru,Kutram
Mist-Pani
Mitten-Kai Urai
Mix-Kalakku
Moan-Munangal
Modern-Puthumai
Modify-Maatru
Moist-Yeeram
Mole-Machcham
Mom’s Elder Sister-Periyamma
Monday-Thingkal Kilamai
Money Box-Panapehtti
Money-Panam
Mongoose-Keeri
Monkey-Kurangku
Monsoon-Paruva Kaatru
Monster-Pootham
Month-Maatham
Mood-Mananilai
Moon-Nilavu
Moon-Nilvu,Santhiran
Morning-Kaalai Nehhram
Morn-Thukkam
Mortgage-Adagu Vaippathu
Mortuary—Savakidangku
Mosque-Masoothi
Mosquito-Kosu
Moss-Paasi
Most-Athigam
Mother -Amma
Mother’s Younger Sister-Sinnamma
Motto-Kurikkohhl
Mount-Sikaram
Mourn-Thukkam
Mouse-Yehli
Moustache-Meesai
Mouth-Vaai
Move-Nagarnthu
Mud-Sehhr
Mug-Kuvalai
Mumps-Kaluththu Veekkam(Ponnukku Veengki)
Munch-Mennuthal
Murder-Kohlai
Muscle-Thasai
Mushroom-Kaalaan
Music-Yisai
Muslim-Yislaamiyar
Must-Kattaayam
Mutiny-Kalavaram,Yehthirppu
Mutton- Aahttu Yiraichchi
Myself-Naan,Yennudaiya
Mystery-Ragasiam
Myth-Kathai
LEARN TAMIL WORDS THROUGH ENGLISH-ICE
For pronunciation, please refer post LEARN TAMIL -BASIC
and post Learn 247 Tamil alphabets through English
ENGLISH-TAMIL WORDS-I
I
Ice-Panikatti
Idea-Yohhsanai
Identity-Adaiyaalam
Idiot-Muttaal
Idle-Ubayohhgam Yillaatha
Idol-Kanavu Thehhvathai
Igloo-Eskimo Veedu
Ignore-Alatchiam
Ill- Asoukiriam, Nalam Yillaamal
Illegal-Satta Virohhtham
Illiterate- Padikkaatha,Yehlutha Padikka Thehriyaatha
Illiterate-Padikkaathavan
Image-Bimbam, Thohhtram
Imitate-
Immature-Valartchi Kuraintha
Immigrants-Agathikal
Immoral-Olukkam Yillaamal
Immortal-Yirappu Yillaatha
Immovable-Nagarththa Mudiyaatha
Immune-Yehthirppu Sakthi
Impatience-Porumai Yillaatha
Imperfect-Kurai Ulla
Impolite-Mariyaathai Yillaamal
Import-Yirakkumathi
Impose-Thinippathu
Impossible-Yiyalaathu
Impregnate-Karppam Adaiya Vaippathu
Impress-Kavarthal
Imprison-Siraiyiduvathu
Improper-Thavaru
Improve-Valarchi
Impure-Kalanggam,Suththamy Illaamal
I-Naan
Inaugurate-Pathavi Yehduppathu
Incense-Oothubaththi
Incident-Sambavam
Include-Sehhr
Income-Varumaanam
Incomparable-Oppida Mudiyaatha
Increase-Kooduthal
Incredible-Namba Mudiyaatha
Increment-Koodothal
Incubate-Adaikaaththal
Incurable-Sugamaaka Mudiyaatha
Indebted-Kadanpaduvathu
Indepentent-Suthanthiram
Index-
Indicate-Thehrivippathu,Vilakkuvathu
Indigo-Oothaa Niram
Individual-Oru Manithan, Oru Porul
Indoor-Veettirkkul
Induce-Thoonduvathu
Inedible-Saappida Yiyalaatha
Inedible-Saappida Yiyalaatha
Infant-Kai Kulanthai
Inferior-Thaalvu Gunam
Infer-Mudivu
Inflexible-Valaiyaatha
Inform-Therivippathu
Inhuman-Koduramaana
Initial-Aahrambam
Inject-Nulaippathu
Injure-Kaayamaavathu
Injury-Adipaduvathu
Ink-Mai
Inner Garment
Innocent-Vehkuli
Insect-Pootchi
Inspect-Sothippathu
Inteligent Person-Puththisaali
Interest –Viruppam
Interior-Ulpakuthi
International – Anaiththulagam
Interval-Yidai Vehhlai
Intestine-Kudal
Intimate-Nerukkamaana
Introduce-Arimugam
In-Ulleh
Iron-Yirumbu
Irritate-Yehritchal Seivathu
It-Athu
Ivory-Thantham
LEARN TAMIL WORDS THROUGH ENGLISH -H
ENGLISH-TAMIL words-H
H
Habitat-Vasippidam
Habits-Palakkam
Hair-Dresser-Mudi Alangarippavar
Hair-Mudi
Half-Paathi
Halt-Niruththu
Hammer-Suththiyal
Hamper-Parisu Koodai
Hand Bag-Kai Pai
Hand Cuffs-Kai Vilangu
Handbag-Kaipai
Handicraft Thing-Kaivinai Porul
Hand-Kai
Happy-Santhohhsam
Hard Hearted-Yirakkam Yillaatha
Hard-Aluththamaana
Hardship-Kehtta Kaalam
Hardware-Uloga Porul
Hare-Muyal
Harm-Thunbam Tharuvathu
Harp-Yisai Karui
Harsh-Kadumaiyaana
Hart-Aahn Maan
Harum Scarum-Mirugathanam
Hasten-Avasaram
Hatch-Kohhli Kunji Porippathu
Hate-Vehruppu
Hat-Thoppi
Haule-Yiluppathu
Haunted Place-Pehhi Pidiththa Yidam
Haunt-Pehhi Pidiththa
Hay-Vaikkol
Haze-Pukai Moottam
Head-Thalai
Heal-Kunamaakkum
Heap-Kuviyal
Heart-Yithayam
Heat-Soodu
He-Avan
Heaven-Sorkkam
Heavy-Kanamaana
Hedge-Vehhli Sedi
Heel-Kuthikaal
Height-Uyaram
Heir-Vaarisu
Hell-Naragam
Helpless-Uthavi Yillaatha
Help-Uthavi
Hen-Koli
Henna-Maruthaani-
Her-Avaludaiya
Herd-Manthai
Here -Yingkehh
Here-Yingkehh
Hermit-Munivar
Heroine-Kathaanaayagi
Hero-Kathaanaayagan
Hesitate-Thayakkam
Hexagon-Arugonam
Hiccup-Vikkal
Hide-Marai
Hill-Kundru
Hint-Marai Mukamaaga Sollu
Hint-Siru Vilakkam
Hip –Yidai
His-Avaudaiya
Hive-Thehhnee Yiruppidam
Hoarse –Karakarappu
Hobby-Poluthu Pookku
Hold-Pidi
Hole-Oottai
Hole-Thuvaaram,Oottai
Home-Veedu, Yiruppidam
Homicide-Manitha Yina Kolai
Honest-Nehhrmai
Honey-Thehhn
Hook-Kokki
Hope-Nambikkai
Hope-Nambikkai
Horn-Kombu
Horse-Kuthirai
Horse-Kuthirai
Hostal-Viduthi
Hot-Soodu
Hour-Mani(One Hour-Oru Mani Nehhram)
Housefly-Yee
How Much-Yehvvalavu
How -Yehppadi
Huge-Miga Pehriya
Hugger-Mugger-Kulappam
Hug-Kattipidi
Human-Manithan
Humble-Panivu
Hump-Goon
Hundred-Nuuru
Hunger-Pasi
Hunt-Vehhttai
Hurricane-Puyal Kaaththu
Hurry-Seekkiram
Hurt-Kaayam
Husband-Kanavan
Husk-Umi
H
Habitat-Vasippidam
Habits-Palakkam
Hair-Dresser-Mudi Alangarippavar
Hair-Mudi
Half-Paathi
Halt-Niruththu
Hammer-Suththiyal
Hamper-Parisu Koodai
Hand Bag-Kai Pai
Hand Cuffs-Kai Vilangu
Handbag-Kaipai
Handicraft Thing-Kaivinai Porul
Hand-Kai
Happy-Santhohhsam
Hard Hearted-Yirakkam Yillaatha
Hard-Aluththamaana
Hardship-Kehtta Kaalam
Hardware-Uloga Porul
Hare-Muyal
Harm-Thunbam Tharuvathu
Harp-Yisai Karui
Harsh-Kadumaiyaana
Hart-Aahn Maan
Harum Scarum-Mirugathanam
Hasten-Avasaram
Hatch-Kohhli Kunji Porippathu
Hate-Vehruppu
Hat-Thoppi
Haule-Yiluppathu
Haunted Place-Pehhi Pidiththa Yidam
Haunt-Pehhi Pidiththa
Hay-Vaikkol
Haze-Pukai Moottam
Head-Thalai
Heal-Kunamaakkum
Heap-Kuviyal
Heart-Yithayam
Heat-Soodu
He-Avan
Heaven-Sorkkam
Heavy-Kanamaana
Hedge-Vehhli Sedi
Heel-Kuthikaal
Height-Uyaram
Heir-Vaarisu
Hell-Naragam
Helpless-Uthavi Yillaatha
Help-Uthavi
Hen-Koli
Henna-Maruthaani-
Her-Avaludaiya
Herd-Manthai
Here -Yingkehh
Here-Yingkehh
Hermit-Munivar
Heroine-Kathaanaayagi
Hero-Kathaanaayagan
Hesitate-Thayakkam
Hexagon-Arugonam
Hiccup-Vikkal
Hide-Marai
Hill-Kundru
Hint-Marai Mukamaaga Sollu
Hint-Siru Vilakkam
Hip –Yidai
His-Avaudaiya
Hive-Thehhnee Yiruppidam
Hoarse –Karakarappu
Hobby-Poluthu Pookku
Hold-Pidi
Hole-Oottai
Hole-Thuvaaram,Oottai
Home-Veedu, Yiruppidam
Homicide-Manitha Yina Kolai
Honest-Nehhrmai
Honey-Thehhn
Hook-Kokki
Hope-Nambikkai
Hope-Nambikkai
Horn-Kombu
Horse-Kuthirai
Horse-Kuthirai
Hostal-Viduthi
Hot-Soodu
Hour-Mani(One Hour-Oru Mani Nehhram)
Housefly-Yee
How Much-Yehvvalavu
How -Yehppadi
Huge-Miga Pehriya
Hugger-Mugger-Kulappam
Hug-Kattipidi
Human-Manithan
Humble-Panivu
Hump-Goon
Hundred-Nuuru
Hunger-Pasi
Hunt-Vehhttai
Hurricane-Puyal Kaaththu
Hurry-Seekkiram
Hurt-Kaayam
Husband-Kanavan
Husk-Umi
LEARN TAMIL WORDS THROUGH ENGLISH -F
ENGLISH-TAMIL WORDS-F
F
Fable-Nalla Neri Kathaikal
Face-Mugam
Fact-Unmai
Fade-Niram Yillaatha, Veluppaana
Fail-Thohhlvi
Faint-Mayakkam
Fairy-Thehhvathai
Faith-Nambikkai
Fake-Poiyaana
Fall-Vilu
False-Boliyaana,Poiyaana
Familiar-Nehrukkamaana
Family-Kudumbam
Famine-Pattini
Fancy-Karppanai
Fan-Kaaththaadi
Farmer-Ulavan
Farm-Vayal Vehli
Far-Thooraththil
Fast-Veykam
Fast-Viratham,Nonbu
Fate-Thalaivithi
Father-Appa
Fat-Koluppu, Gundaana
Fault-Kutram,Thavaru
Favourite-Pidithamaana
Favour-Saathagam,Uthavi
Fear-Bayam
Feast-Kondattam
Female Friend -Tholi
Female Singer-Paadagi
Female Student- Maanavi
Female-Pehn
Fence-Veyli
Fever-Kaaichal,Juram
Field-Thidal,Nilam
Fight-Sandai
Figure-Amaippu
Fill-Nirappu
Film-Padam
Filter-Vadikattu
Find-Kandupidi
Fine-Abaraatham
Finger-Viral
Fire-Nehruppu
First-Ondraavathu, Muthalaavathu
Fisherman-Meenavan
Fish-Meen
Flag-Kodi
Flask-Suduneer Seesaa
Float-Mithakkuthal
Flood-Vehllam
Floor-Tharai
Flour-Maavu
Flower Pot-Poonchedi
Foam-Nurai
Fodder-Kaalnadai Theeni
Foe-Yethiri
Fog-Pani Moottam
Fold-Madi
Food-Unavu
Fool-Muttaal
Foot-Paatham
Fore Finger-Aal Kaatti Viral
Fore Head-Nehtri
Foreign-Ayal Naadu, Vehlinaadu
Forest-Kaadu
Forever-Yehppoluthum
Forget-Maranthuvidu
Fortnight-Yirandu Vaaram
Fortune-Athisttam
Foul-Kutram,
Fountain-Neer Ootru
Fox-Nari
Freedom-Suthanthiram
Free-Yinaam
Fresh-Puthithu
Friday-Vehlli Kilamai
Friend-Nanban
Frock-Pen Kulanthai Sattai
Front-Munnaal
Fruit’s Skin.-Pala-Thol
Fruits-Palam
Fry-Pori
Fuel-Yehri Porul,Petrol
Fullmoon-Mulunilavu
Full-Muluvathum, Niraiya
Function-Nigalvu
Funk-Payam
Funny-Kehhlikkai, Veehdikkai
Future-Yehthirkaalam
F
Fable-Nalla Neri Kathaikal
Face-Mugam
Fact-Unmai
Fade-Niram Yillaatha, Veluppaana
Fail-Thohhlvi
Faint-Mayakkam
Fairy-Thehhvathai
Faith-Nambikkai
Fake-Poiyaana
Fall-Vilu
False-Boliyaana,Poiyaana
Familiar-Nehrukkamaana
Family-Kudumbam
Famine-Pattini
Fancy-Karppanai
Fan-Kaaththaadi
Farmer-Ulavan
Farm-Vayal Vehli
Far-Thooraththil
Fast-Veykam
Fast-Viratham,Nonbu
Fate-Thalaivithi
Father-Appa
Fat-Koluppu, Gundaana
Fault-Kutram,Thavaru
Favourite-Pidithamaana
Favour-Saathagam,Uthavi
Fear-Bayam
Feast-Kondattam
Female Friend -Tholi
Female Singer-Paadagi
Female Student- Maanavi
Female-Pehn
Fence-Veyli
Fever-Kaaichal,Juram
Field-Thidal,Nilam
Fight-Sandai
Figure-Amaippu
Fill-Nirappu
Film-Padam
Filter-Vadikattu
Find-Kandupidi
Fine-Abaraatham
Finger-Viral
Fire-Nehruppu
First-Ondraavathu, Muthalaavathu
Fisherman-Meenavan
Fish-Meen
Flag-Kodi
Flask-Suduneer Seesaa
Float-Mithakkuthal
Flood-Vehllam
Floor-Tharai
Flour-Maavu
Flower Pot-Poonchedi
Foam-Nurai
Fodder-Kaalnadai Theeni
Foe-Yethiri
Fog-Pani Moottam
Fold-Madi
Food-Unavu
Fool-Muttaal
Foot-Paatham
Fore Finger-Aal Kaatti Viral
Fore Head-Nehtri
Foreign-Ayal Naadu, Vehlinaadu
Forest-Kaadu
Forever-Yehppoluthum
Forget-Maranthuvidu
Fortnight-Yirandu Vaaram
Fortune-Athisttam
Foul-Kutram,
Fountain-Neer Ootru
Fox-Nari
Freedom-Suthanthiram
Free-Yinaam
Fresh-Puthithu
Friday-Vehlli Kilamai
Friend-Nanban
Frock-Pen Kulanthai Sattai
Front-Munnaal
Fruit’s Skin.-Pala-Thol
Fruits-Palam
Fry-Pori
Fuel-Yehri Porul,Petrol
Fullmoon-Mulunilavu
Full-Muluvathum, Niraiya
Function-Nigalvu
Funk-Payam
Funny-Kehhlikkai, Veehdikkai
Future-Yehthirkaalam
LEARN TAMIL WORDS THROUGH ENGLISH-E
ENGLISH-TAMIL WORDS-E
E
Each-Ovvondrum
Eager-Aarvam
Eagle-Kohttaan
Ear-Kaathu
Earn-Sambaariththal
Earring-Kaathani Or Thodu
Earth-Poomi
Earthquake-Bookambam
Earth-Worms-Ma N Pulu
East-Kilakku
Easy-Sulabam
Eat-Saappidu
Echo-Yethiroli
Eclipse-Giraganam
Economy-Porulaathaaram
Edge-Ooram,Vilumbu
Edible-Saappidum Porul
Education-Kalvi
Efficient-Thiramai
Effort-Ulaippu
Egg-Muttai
Ego-Agambaavam
Eight-Yettu
Either-Yirandil Ondru
Elder Brother-Annan
Elder Brother-Annan
Elder Sister-Akka
Elder Sister-Akkaa
Electricity-Minsaaram
Elect-Thehhrnthu Yedu
Elephant-Yaanai
Emotion-Unarchchivasam
Employ-Vehlaikku Vaippathu
Empty-Ondrum Yillaatha, Vehrum
End-Mudivu
Enemy-Virothi,Pakaivan
Energy-Sakthi
Enhance-Athigamakkuthal
Enjoy-Mahiltchi
Enough-Pothum
Enough-Pothum
Enter-Nulai,Ulleyh Po
Entrance-Nulaivu Vaasal
Envelop-Urai
Epilepsy-Vaatham
Equal-Samam
Erase-Alithhal
Escape-Thappi Oodu
Essencial—Thehhvaiyaana
Eventhough-Yirunthaalum
Everyday-Thinamthorum
Evidence-Aththaatchi
Exale-Veliyidum Suvaasam
Examination –Sothanai
Example-Uthaaranam
Exchage-Maatrikolvathu
Excuse Me-Mannikkavum
Exhauste-Sorvu
Exile-Naadu Kadanthu Vaalvathu
Express-Thuritham,Seekkiram
Extra-Konjam Athigam
Eyebrow -Puruvam
Eye-Kan
Eyelash -Kanyimai Mudi
Eyelid -Kanyimai
E
Each-Ovvondrum
Eager-Aarvam
Eagle-Kohttaan
Ear-Kaathu
Earn-Sambaariththal
Earring-Kaathani Or Thodu
Earth-Poomi
Earthquake-Bookambam
Earth-Worms-Ma N Pulu
East-Kilakku
Easy-Sulabam
Eat-Saappidu
Echo-Yethiroli
Eclipse-Giraganam
Economy-Porulaathaaram
Edge-Ooram,Vilumbu
Edible-Saappidum Porul
Education-Kalvi
Efficient-Thiramai
Effort-Ulaippu
Egg-Muttai
Ego-Agambaavam
Eight-Yettu
Either-Yirandil Ondru
Elder Brother-Annan
Elder Brother-Annan
Elder Sister-Akka
Elder Sister-Akkaa
Electricity-Minsaaram
Elect-Thehhrnthu Yedu
Elephant-Yaanai
Emotion-Unarchchivasam
Employ-Vehlaikku Vaippathu
Empty-Ondrum Yillaatha, Vehrum
End-Mudivu
Enemy-Virothi,Pakaivan
Energy-Sakthi
Enhance-Athigamakkuthal
Enjoy-Mahiltchi
Enough-Pothum
Enough-Pothum
Enter-Nulai,Ulleyh Po
Entrance-Nulaivu Vaasal
Envelop-Urai
Epilepsy-Vaatham
Equal-Samam
Erase-Alithhal
Escape-Thappi Oodu
Essencial—Thehhvaiyaana
Eventhough-Yirunthaalum
Everyday-Thinamthorum
Evidence-Aththaatchi
Exale-Veliyidum Suvaasam
Examination –Sothanai
Example-Uthaaranam
Exchage-Maatrikolvathu
Excuse Me-Mannikkavum
Exhauste-Sorvu
Exile-Naadu Kadanthu Vaalvathu
Express-Thuritham,Seekkiram
Extra-Konjam Athigam
Eyebrow -Puruvam
Eye-Kan
Eyelash -Kanyimai Mudi
Eyelid -Kanyimai
Monday, December 28, 2009
LEARN ENGLISH GRAMMAR- LESSON -1.TENSES: PRESENT, PAST AND FUTURE TENSES
LEARN SIMPLE ENGLISH GRAMMAR-LESSON-1
1. Tenses:-
Tense is a modification of a verb to show time of action.
The verb that shows the present time is known as the present tense.
I send the books - present tense.
The verb that mentions to past time is known as the past tense.
I sent the books - past tense.
The verb that shows the future time is said to be the future tense.
I shall send some other books next week® future tense.
A verb shows
Present time - present tense-send
Past time -past tense-sent
Future time-future tense- will send, shall send.
Present tense
a. Simple present tense
In present tense if the subjects are singular or plural form of
first person such as I, we
Second persons as you, yours,
In addition, the plural of third persons as they the verbs become as follows.
Simple present tense
I smile - do smile
We smile- do smile
We donate - do donate
You read do- read
They take - do take
The men drive -do drive
The women sing- do sing
The dogs bark- do bark
lf the subject is singular third person as he, she, it and the verb is Present tense, the 'do' becomes 'does'. Note the following present tense verbs, which are used for third person singular as he, she and it.
He climbs - Does climb
She laughs- Does laugh
Hessian works- Does work
Karol dances- Does dance
Bird flies- Does fly
Cow sleeps- Does sleep
It grazes- Does graze
Exercise
I pluck the fruits now.
You carry the rice bag.
We take the luggage.
They bring the cards.
He Climbs the tree.
She wears her stockings.
It -elephant eats the sugarcane.
1.Singular and Plural
1. First person
I take a flower.
We take a flowerpot.
2. Second person
you bring a picture.
You throw the stones.
3. Third person
He drinks coffee.
She eats bread.
They eat banana.
They go to school.
It (the rabbit) runs.
They walk along the road.
B.Verbs in present tense
I talk, we say, you eat, he eats, she brings, they go and so on. Here the actions are taken place in present tense.
Do talk. When the question is asked in present tense it should be
Do you talk?
Yes, I talk. No, I do not talk.
Yes, we talk; no, we do not talk.
Does eat, does bring. So, when the question is asked about a third person, in present tense it should be
i.Does he eat?
1. Yes he eats. Or yes he does
2. No, he does not eat. Or no he does not.
ii. Does she bring?
1. Yes, she brings. Or Yes, she does
2. No, she does not bring. Or No, she does not.
iii. Does it (lion) roar?
1. Yes, it roars. Or Yes, it does.
2. No, it does not roar. Or No, it does not
So, when the question is asked in present tense about 1st (I, we, they), 2nd (you, your) and 3rd person plural (they, their) in present tense, it should be
Do you say? Where do they go?
Yes, I say. No, I do not say.
Do they come?
Yes they come.
No, they do not come.
C.Present continuous tense
Here the action is going on.
The subjects and auxiliary verbs in present continuous tense as follow:-
I - am
We, you and they - are
He, she and it - is
Examples:-
I am singing.
You are laughing.
We are talking.
They are swimming.
He is listening.
She is digging.
It (tree) is falling.
d. Present perfect tense
In this tense, action is finished and perfect. The subjects and auxiliary verbs in present perfect tense as follow:-
For I, we, you, they- have.
He she & it- has
He, she, it use
has read
has recorded
has refreshed
has fallen
has booked
has written
has laughed
has given
has sung
For I, you, we, they use
1. have read
2. have recorded
3. have refreshed
4. have taken
5. have fallen
6. have booked
7. have written
8. have laughed
9. have given
10. have sung
Exercise
I have taken the books.
We have read the newspaper article.
You have stitched the coat.
They have crossed the road.
He has sung the song.
She has praised the poem.
It has (the bird flown away.
e. Present perfect continuous tense
Here, the action is not finished but it is continuously going on.
The subjects and auxiliary verbs in present perfect continuous
tense for first,second and third persons as follow:-
I have been refreshing
You have been recording
We have been refreshing
He has been recording
She has been refreshing
It has been falling
They have been falling
I have been reading the book for ten minutes.
We have been waiting for our friend.
They have been singing since six o' clock.
She has been looking at the clouds.
He has been traveling for the past four days.
It (dog) has been sleeping throughout the day.
I tell -Simple present tense.
I am telling -Present continuous tense.
I have told -Present perfect tense.
I have been telling - Present perfect continuous tense.
Past tense
A. Simple past tense
Singular
i. First person
1. I opened the door.
ii. Second person-
1. You caught the ball.
iii. Third person
1. He wiped the window.
2. She cleaned the table.
3. It (dog) barked.
Plural
i. First person
1. We bought some fruits.
ii. Second person
1. You pruned the trees.
iii. Third person
1. They chased the thieves.
B.Verbs in past tense
I talked, we said, you ate, he ate, she brought, they went and so on.
Did talk =talked. So, when the question is asked in past tense it should be
Did you talk?
What did he eat? What did she bring?
What did you say? Where did they go?
We told- past tense.
We were telling-past continuous tense.
We had told- past perfect tense.
We had been telling - past perfect continuous tense.
Examples to learn past tense for first, second and third Persons
I pulled the grass.
Did+ pull
Yesterday you pushed the car.
Did+ push
They complained about their meals.
Did +complain
Last week she sang a song in her school day function.
Did+ sing
Last month he swam in a pond.
Did+ swim
Four days ago the boys reported to their boss.
Did+ report
Last Monday the girls danced gracefully.
Did+ dance
A moment ago the children told the truth.
Did+ tell
An hour before the people shouted at the stranger.
Did + shout
A moment ago it jumped up the building.
Did +jump
Two months back the camel died.
Did+ die
Once upon a time dinosaur lived.
Did +live
Yesterday Nurul wrote a poem.
Did +write
In olden time monsters appeared.
Did +appear
Last sunday the friends went to beach.
Did+ go
Yesterday the baby cried.
Did +cry
Last night the hammer fell down.
Did+ fall
Two days ago the bell rang.
Did + ring
What did you want?
I wanted a bag.
What did he take?
He took some books.
Who did bring the cake?
My sister brought the cake.
When did they write the letter?
Yester day they wrote the letter.
Whose car did she drive?
She drove her car.
He saw a bird.
Who did see a bird?
We walked to the shop.
Who did walk to the shop?
They laughed at the clown.
Whom did they laugh at?
He met his friends.
Whom did he meet?
l 1. She drank coffee.
What did she drink?
12. It (dog) bit the bone.
Who did bite the bone?
C. Past continuous tense
Auxiliary verbs in past continuous tense;-
I, he, she, it -was
You, they and we -were
I was sneezing
I was telling.
You were arranging.
We were amusing.
They were listening.
The boys were riding.
The girls were mopping.
The women were shouting.
The dogs were barking.
The stones are falling.
Exercise
He was hiding.
The animals were wandering.
It was falling.
The children were jogging.
Kumar was praying.
Ratna was sewing.
The toys were rolling.
She was washing.
She was bending.
The cat was sleeping.
Examples
If we ask the questions in past continuous tense the answers are also in past continuous tense as follows.
Who was riding?
I was riding
Who were playing?
You were playing
Who were looking?
We were looking
Who were weeping?
They were weeping
Who was working?
He was working.
Who was combing?
She was combing.
Who or what was roaring?
The lion or it was roaring.
In past tense, the following rules should be followed: in simple past tense the question should start, using did.
E.g., did you bring?
The (action word) verb bring should be in present tense not in past tense. If it is ‘Did you bought’? This is wrong.
I, he, she, it -was
E.g. .Was he shouting?
Yes, he was shouting.
We, they, you - were.
E.g. We were running.
Who were running?
D.Past perfect tense
The subjects and auxiliary verbs in past perfect tense as follow:-
I, we, you, they, he, she it -had in past tense.
I had written a letter to my friend yesterday.
We had arrived to the airport at 10 p.m.
They had invited us for their daughter's birthday party
She had talked to her friend regarding her brother's job.
He had moved to his new house just before two months.
The cat (it) had bitten the rat. It.
e. Past perfect continuous tense
The subjects and auxiliary verbs in past perfect continuous tense as follow:-
I, we, you, they, he, she it -had been looking.
When I went to visit my cousin in her office, she had been attending a meeting.
After the new teacher had been teaching the physics lessons, the students showed a good improvement.
I had been collecting some old story books for the past few months.
We had been listening to the new educational program every Saturday during the previous school holidays.
They had been waiting to see the principal since last Monday.
It (the parrot) had been repeating my name when I carried it.
Verbs
Present and past tense
Add
Added
Cement
Cemented
Admire
Admired
Change
Changed
Admit
Admitted
Charge
Charged
Adopt
Adopted
Chat
Chatted
Advice
Advised
Cheat
Cheated
Affect
Affected
Choose
Chose
Afford
Afforded
Chop
Chopped
Future tense
a. Simple future tense
First person
l shall go to shop.
I shall bring my friend.
We shall play in the field.
We shall tour to England.
Second person
1. You will do it.
2. You will go to class.
3. You will tell the story.
Third person
He will make a puppet.
He will bring the newspaper.
She will listen to radio.
She will finish her work.
It (cat) will drink the milk.
It (the cat) will eat the fish.
They will catch a bird.
They will draw the picture.
B.Verb in future tense
I shall talk, we shall say, you will eat, he will eat, she will bring, they will go and so on.
I shall talk,
We shall talk.
You, they, he, she, it----will talk, will eat, will bring, shall eat, shall take, will admire, will adopt, shall teach, will advise, shall tell, will affect, shall thank, will afford, shall think will amuse, shall tie ,Will announce, shall trace.
So, when the question is asked in future tense it should be:
· Shall I go?
· Shall we meet?
· Will you go?
· Will they come?
· Will he sing?
· Will she speak?
· Will it fall?
· What will he eat?
· What will she bring?
· What will you say?
· Where will they go?
· Shall I go there'?
· Will you fetch me'?
· Will he return tomorrow'?
· Will she dance on next week?
· Will they carry the luggage?
· Shall we send the document?
However, ‘will’ is used for I and we also when the action is very sure.
I will finish my drawing in half an hour.
We will reach the bank by 9.O’clock.
C.Future continuous tense
The subjects and auxiliary verbs in future continuous tense as follow:-
I, we -shall be going
you, they, he, she it-will be going
I shall be reading, we shall be writing, you will be watching, he will be eating, she will be bringing, and they will be going and so on.
· I shall be baking a cake.
· We shall be visiting our relative.
· You will be cleaning the floor.
· They will be sticking the stamps.
· He will be arranging the chairs.
· She will be sending a message.
· It (the hen) will be hatching the eggs.
The questions in future continuous tense:-
Why shall be I avoiding him?
When will be she reaching the shopping center?
What will be they doing?
Where shall we be hiding ourselves?
How will be he managing the situation?
Who will be attending the meeting?
Here are few rules to follow:-
For I and we, use ‘shall be’ if it is present future continuous tense.
‘Should be’ if it is past future continuous tense.
For they, he, she, it, you—use ‘will be’ if it is present future continuous
tense.
‘Would be’ if it is past future continuous tense.
Exercise
Where shall be we staying?
How shall be I lifting the stone?
How will be the cat carrying its kittens?
Who will be bringing the luggage?
Why will be you choosing a black motor car?
d. Future perfect tense
For I and we- use ‘shall have taken’
You, he, she, it- use ‘will have taken’ -if it is future perfect tense.
I shall have taken my luggage.
We shall have visited the temple by next week.
They will have left their hostel before the holidays.
She will have learned the formulas before she goes for the exams.
He will have called the doctor if his grandfather's temperature doesn't come down.
lt (the bird) will have flown away after it wakes up.
e. Future perfect continuous tense
For I and we,you-use ‘shall have been
he, she, it -use will has been
Examples He will has been landing in Hong Kong on next Monday.
I shall have been singing a song in the concert.
It (cow) will has been grazing the grass in the evening.
It (rabbit) will has been eating carrot.
l shall have been seeing you next week.
She will has been donating her old books to the school library.
They will have been arriving in two days.
We shall have been visiting our friends on next month.
They will have been working hard for their final examination
The minister will has been studying the budget report in two days time.
In simple present, past and future continuous tense the letters ‘ing’are added to the end of the verb:
open+ing -opening,
tell+ing-telling
ask+ing -asking,
press+ing-pressing
read +ing -reading
eat+ing-eating
Exercise
He is counting
We are saying
They were speaking
You are watching
We were going
The boys are drawing
The girls were painting
He was looking
The trees were flowering
He is standing
She was combing
It was roaring
He will be informing
She will be calling
They will be singing
Present and past perfect tense.
has hunted
have hunted
had hunted
has moved
have moved
had moved
has improved
have improved
has improved
has napped
have napped
had napped
Present and past perfect continuous tense
has been joining
have been joining
had been joining
has been keeping
have been keeping
had been keeping
has been knocking
have been knocking
had been knocking
1. Tenses:-
Tense is a modification of a verb to show time of action.
The verb that shows the present time is known as the present tense.
I send the books - present tense.
The verb that mentions to past time is known as the past tense.
I sent the books - past tense.
The verb that shows the future time is said to be the future tense.
I shall send some other books next week® future tense.
A verb shows
Present time - present tense-send
Past time -past tense-sent
Future time-future tense- will send, shall send.
Present tense
a. Simple present tense
In present tense if the subjects are singular or plural form of
first person such as I, we
Second persons as you, yours,
In addition, the plural of third persons as they the verbs become as follows.
Simple present tense
I smile - do smile
We smile- do smile
We donate - do donate
You read do- read
They take - do take
The men drive -do drive
The women sing- do sing
The dogs bark- do bark
lf the subject is singular third person as he, she, it and the verb is Present tense, the 'do' becomes 'does'. Note the following present tense verbs, which are used for third person singular as he, she and it.
He climbs - Does climb
She laughs- Does laugh
Hessian works- Does work
Karol dances- Does dance
Bird flies- Does fly
Cow sleeps- Does sleep
It grazes- Does graze
Exercise
I pluck the fruits now.
You carry the rice bag.
We take the luggage.
They bring the cards.
He Climbs the tree.
She wears her stockings.
It -elephant eats the sugarcane.
1.Singular and Plural
1. First person
I take a flower.
We take a flowerpot.
2. Second person
you bring a picture.
You throw the stones.
3. Third person
He drinks coffee.
She eats bread.
They eat banana.
They go to school.
It (the rabbit) runs.
They walk along the road.
B.Verbs in present tense
I talk, we say, you eat, he eats, she brings, they go and so on. Here the actions are taken place in present tense.
Do talk. When the question is asked in present tense it should be
Do you talk?
Yes, I talk. No, I do not talk.
Yes, we talk; no, we do not talk.
Does eat, does bring. So, when the question is asked about a third person, in present tense it should be
i.Does he eat?
1. Yes he eats. Or yes he does
2. No, he does not eat. Or no he does not.
ii. Does she bring?
1. Yes, she brings. Or Yes, she does
2. No, she does not bring. Or No, she does not.
iii. Does it (lion) roar?
1. Yes, it roars. Or Yes, it does.
2. No, it does not roar. Or No, it does not
So, when the question is asked in present tense about 1st (I, we, they), 2nd (you, your) and 3rd person plural (they, their) in present tense, it should be
Do you say? Where do they go?
Yes, I say. No, I do not say.
Do they come?
Yes they come.
No, they do not come.
C.Present continuous tense
Here the action is going on.
The subjects and auxiliary verbs in present continuous tense as follow:-
I - am
We, you and they - are
He, she and it - is
Examples:-
I am singing.
You are laughing.
We are talking.
They are swimming.
He is listening.
She is digging.
It (tree) is falling.
d. Present perfect tense
In this tense, action is finished and perfect. The subjects and auxiliary verbs in present perfect tense as follow:-
For I, we, you, they- have.
He she & it- has
He, she, it use
has read
has recorded
has refreshed
has fallen
has booked
has written
has laughed
has given
has sung
For I, you, we, they use
1. have read
2. have recorded
3. have refreshed
4. have taken
5. have fallen
6. have booked
7. have written
8. have laughed
9. have given
10. have sung
Exercise
I have taken the books.
We have read the newspaper article.
You have stitched the coat.
They have crossed the road.
He has sung the song.
She has praised the poem.
It has (the bird flown away.
e. Present perfect continuous tense
Here, the action is not finished but it is continuously going on.
The subjects and auxiliary verbs in present perfect continuous
tense for first,second and third persons as follow:-
I have been refreshing
You have been recording
We have been refreshing
He has been recording
She has been refreshing
It has been falling
They have been falling
I have been reading the book for ten minutes.
We have been waiting for our friend.
They have been singing since six o' clock.
She has been looking at the clouds.
He has been traveling for the past four days.
It (dog) has been sleeping throughout the day.
I tell -Simple present tense.
I am telling -Present continuous tense.
I have told -Present perfect tense.
I have been telling - Present perfect continuous tense.
Past tense
A. Simple past tense
Singular
i. First person
1. I opened the door.
ii. Second person-
1. You caught the ball.
iii. Third person
1. He wiped the window.
2. She cleaned the table.
3. It (dog) barked.
Plural
i. First person
1. We bought some fruits.
ii. Second person
1. You pruned the trees.
iii. Third person
1. They chased the thieves.
B.Verbs in past tense
I talked, we said, you ate, he ate, she brought, they went and so on.
Did talk =talked. So, when the question is asked in past tense it should be
Did you talk?
What did he eat? What did she bring?
What did you say? Where did they go?
We told- past tense.
We were telling-past continuous tense.
We had told- past perfect tense.
We had been telling - past perfect continuous tense.
Examples to learn past tense for first, second and third Persons
I pulled the grass.
Did+ pull
Yesterday you pushed the car.
Did+ push
They complained about their meals.
Did +complain
Last week she sang a song in her school day function.
Did+ sing
Last month he swam in a pond.
Did+ swim
Four days ago the boys reported to their boss.
Did+ report
Last Monday the girls danced gracefully.
Did+ dance
A moment ago the children told the truth.
Did+ tell
An hour before the people shouted at the stranger.
Did + shout
A moment ago it jumped up the building.
Did +jump
Two months back the camel died.
Did+ die
Once upon a time dinosaur lived.
Did +live
Yesterday Nurul wrote a poem.
Did +write
In olden time monsters appeared.
Did +appear
Last sunday the friends went to beach.
Did+ go
Yesterday the baby cried.
Did +cry
Last night the hammer fell down.
Did+ fall
Two days ago the bell rang.
Did + ring
What did you want?
I wanted a bag.
What did he take?
He took some books.
Who did bring the cake?
My sister brought the cake.
When did they write the letter?
Yester day they wrote the letter.
Whose car did she drive?
She drove her car.
He saw a bird.
Who did see a bird?
We walked to the shop.
Who did walk to the shop?
They laughed at the clown.
Whom did they laugh at?
He met his friends.
Whom did he meet?
l 1. She drank coffee.
What did she drink?
12. It (dog) bit the bone.
Who did bite the bone?
C. Past continuous tense
Auxiliary verbs in past continuous tense;-
I, he, she, it -was
You, they and we -were
I was sneezing
I was telling.
You were arranging.
We were amusing.
They were listening.
The boys were riding.
The girls were mopping.
The women were shouting.
The dogs were barking.
The stones are falling.
Exercise
He was hiding.
The animals were wandering.
It was falling.
The children were jogging.
Kumar was praying.
Ratna was sewing.
The toys were rolling.
She was washing.
She was bending.
The cat was sleeping.
Examples
If we ask the questions in past continuous tense the answers are also in past continuous tense as follows.
Who was riding?
I was riding
Who were playing?
You were playing
Who were looking?
We were looking
Who were weeping?
They were weeping
Who was working?
He was working.
Who was combing?
She was combing.
Who or what was roaring?
The lion or it was roaring.
In past tense, the following rules should be followed: in simple past tense the question should start, using did.
E.g., did you bring?
The (action word) verb bring should be in present tense not in past tense. If it is ‘Did you bought’? This is wrong.
I, he, she, it -was
E.g. .Was he shouting?
Yes, he was shouting.
We, they, you - were.
E.g. We were running.
Who were running?
D.Past perfect tense
The subjects and auxiliary verbs in past perfect tense as follow:-
I, we, you, they, he, she it -had in past tense.
I had written a letter to my friend yesterday.
We had arrived to the airport at 10 p.m.
They had invited us for their daughter's birthday party
She had talked to her friend regarding her brother's job.
He had moved to his new house just before two months.
The cat (it) had bitten the rat. It.
e. Past perfect continuous tense
The subjects and auxiliary verbs in past perfect continuous tense as follow:-
I, we, you, they, he, she it -had been looking.
When I went to visit my cousin in her office, she had been attending a meeting.
After the new teacher had been teaching the physics lessons, the students showed a good improvement.
I had been collecting some old story books for the past few months.
We had been listening to the new educational program every Saturday during the previous school holidays.
They had been waiting to see the principal since last Monday.
It (the parrot) had been repeating my name when I carried it.
Verbs
Present and past tense
Add
Added
Cement
Cemented
Admire
Admired
Change
Changed
Admit
Admitted
Charge
Charged
Adopt
Adopted
Chat
Chatted
Advice
Advised
Cheat
Cheated
Affect
Affected
Choose
Chose
Afford
Afforded
Chop
Chopped
Future tense
a. Simple future tense
First person
l shall go to shop.
I shall bring my friend.
We shall play in the field.
We shall tour to England.
Second person
1. You will do it.
2. You will go to class.
3. You will tell the story.
Third person
He will make a puppet.
He will bring the newspaper.
She will listen to radio.
She will finish her work.
It (cat) will drink the milk.
It (the cat) will eat the fish.
They will catch a bird.
They will draw the picture.
B.Verb in future tense
I shall talk, we shall say, you will eat, he will eat, she will bring, they will go and so on.
I shall talk,
We shall talk.
You, they, he, she, it----will talk, will eat, will bring, shall eat, shall take, will admire, will adopt, shall teach, will advise, shall tell, will affect, shall thank, will afford, shall think will amuse, shall tie ,Will announce, shall trace.
So, when the question is asked in future tense it should be:
· Shall I go?
· Shall we meet?
· Will you go?
· Will they come?
· Will he sing?
· Will she speak?
· Will it fall?
· What will he eat?
· What will she bring?
· What will you say?
· Where will they go?
· Shall I go there'?
· Will you fetch me'?
· Will he return tomorrow'?
· Will she dance on next week?
· Will they carry the luggage?
· Shall we send the document?
However, ‘will’ is used for I and we also when the action is very sure.
I will finish my drawing in half an hour.
We will reach the bank by 9.O’clock.
C.Future continuous tense
The subjects and auxiliary verbs in future continuous tense as follow:-
I, we -shall be going
you, they, he, she it-will be going
I shall be reading, we shall be writing, you will be watching, he will be eating, she will be bringing, and they will be going and so on.
· I shall be baking a cake.
· We shall be visiting our relative.
· You will be cleaning the floor.
· They will be sticking the stamps.
· He will be arranging the chairs.
· She will be sending a message.
· It (the hen) will be hatching the eggs.
The questions in future continuous tense:-
Why shall be I avoiding him?
When will be she reaching the shopping center?
What will be they doing?
Where shall we be hiding ourselves?
How will be he managing the situation?
Who will be attending the meeting?
Here are few rules to follow:-
For I and we, use ‘shall be’ if it is present future continuous tense.
‘Should be’ if it is past future continuous tense.
For they, he, she, it, you—use ‘will be’ if it is present future continuous
tense.
‘Would be’ if it is past future continuous tense.
Exercise
Where shall be we staying?
How shall be I lifting the stone?
How will be the cat carrying its kittens?
Who will be bringing the luggage?
Why will be you choosing a black motor car?
d. Future perfect tense
For I and we- use ‘shall have taken’
You, he, she, it- use ‘will have taken’ -if it is future perfect tense.
I shall have taken my luggage.
We shall have visited the temple by next week.
They will have left their hostel before the holidays.
She will have learned the formulas before she goes for the exams.
He will have called the doctor if his grandfather's temperature doesn't come down.
lt (the bird) will have flown away after it wakes up.
e. Future perfect continuous tense
For I and we,you-use ‘shall have been
he, she, it -use will has been
Examples He will has been landing in Hong Kong on next Monday.
I shall have been singing a song in the concert.
It (cow) will has been grazing the grass in the evening.
It (rabbit) will has been eating carrot.
l shall have been seeing you next week.
She will has been donating her old books to the school library.
They will have been arriving in two days.
We shall have been visiting our friends on next month.
They will have been working hard for their final examination
The minister will has been studying the budget report in two days time.
In simple present, past and future continuous tense the letters ‘ing’are added to the end of the verb:
open+ing -opening,
tell+ing-telling
ask+ing -asking,
press+ing-pressing
read +ing -reading
eat+ing-eating
Exercise
He is counting
We are saying
They were speaking
You are watching
We were going
The boys are drawing
The girls were painting
He was looking
The trees were flowering
He is standing
She was combing
It was roaring
He will be informing
She will be calling
They will be singing
Present and past perfect tense.
has hunted
have hunted
had hunted
has moved
have moved
had moved
has improved
have improved
has improved
has napped
have napped
had napped
Present and past perfect continuous tense
has been joining
have been joining
had been joining
has been keeping
have been keeping
had been keeping
has been knocking
have been knocking
had been knocking
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